Deck 8: Exercise and Sport Psychology

Question 1

The constructionist approach is the most common method used to study exercise and sport psychology, and in this approach, considerable emphasis is given to the individual's subjective experience.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The recognition of Exercise and Sport Psychology as a formal division within the American Psychological Association was a significant milestone in the professional development of the field.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Individual personality plays an unimportant role in the behaviors that individuals exhibit during participation in physical activity, exercise, sport, and athletic competition.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

An individual's behavior can change as a result of influences from the social environment, such as being a member of a recreational sport team.

Question 5

There appears to be very specific personality characteristics that predict adherence to a regular physical activity or exercise program.

Question 6

Extrinsic motivation is the predominant factor that causes an individual to engage in behavior because the individual enjoys the process and gains pleasure and satisfaction from that participation.

Question 7

Self-efficacy has been shown to be an important factor in an individual's choice of activity, effort exerted in those activities, and persistence in the activity when faced with challenges.

Question 8

Individuals who are characterized as chronic exercisers have lower perceptions of individual control over their own health, an external locus of causality, and less control over exercise behavior.

Question 9

The promotion of positive outcomes during physical activity, exercise, sport, and athletic competitions will result in a positive emotional response of the individual providing further support for continued participation.

Question 10

As arousal increases from low to moderate levels, there is a decrease in skill performance, but if arousal continues to increase, there is a point when skill performance becomes unaffected by the level of arousal.

Question 11

Exercise has the ability to enhance mental health by reducing anxiety and depression and enhancing psychological well-being.

Question 12

Neither aerobic exercise nor resistance exercise training can reduce depression.

Question 13

Regular exercise training can improve brain function, particularly in older adults.

Question 14

The best predictor of an individual's behavior is the desire to perform the behavior.

Question 15

By effectively promoting adherence, there is a greater likelihood that an individual will discontinue a regular program of physical activity and exercise and thereby not derive the associated health benefits.

Question 16

Individual personality plays an important role in the behaviors that individuals exhibit during participation in physical activity and exercise.

Question 17

Traits are highly variable internal attributes that athletes possess and exhibit.

Question 18

Participation in regular physical activity or exercise programs is associated with positive changes in mental health.

Question 19

Individuals who are chronic exercisers have a greater sense of control over their own health.

Question 20

As an individual becomes more proficient at performing a skill, they will have to focus less attention on the skill and can focus more on other aspects of the environment.

Question 21

Positive imagery can counteract the effect of negative imagery and directly influence the level of stress and anxiety.

Question 22

The first true experiment in sport psychology involved the examination of performance during a:

A) a college football game.
B) a bicycle race.
C) a mountain climbing event.
D) a professional baseball game.

Question 23

__________ is considered the first professionally employed sport psychologist.

A) Norman Triplett
B) Franklin Henry
C) Coleman Griffith
D) Dorothy Hazeltine Yates

Question 24

One of the primary differences identified in personality characteristics between successful and unsuccessful athletes suggests that successful athletes are:

A) more self-confident.
B) less able to retain optimal competition focus in response to obstacles and distractions.
C) have fewer positive thoughts, images, and feelings about sport.
D) indifferent to obtaining excellence in their sport.

Question 25

Self-efficacy is an important determinant of behavior in physical activity, exercise, and sport and is derived from four factors, one of which is:

A) past performance.
B) extrinsic motivation.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) emotional reactions.

Question 26

Which of the following best describes arousal as it relates to athletic competition.

A) It has little influence on successful performance.
B) It is constantly changing depending on the situation and environment.
C) It is only influenced by external factors.
D) It only has a positive influence on physical skills.

Question 27

Athletes who concentrate on certain relevant environmental stimuli though at the same time ignoring irrelevant stimuli will have a __________ chance at successful performance than individuals who are distracted and unable to concentrate.

A) lesser
B) greater
C) equal
D) concentration does not affect performance

Question 28

Acute bouts of physical activity and exercise and regular participation in exercise programs __________ state and __________ trait levels of anxiety.

A) increase; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) decrease; increase
D) decrease; decrease

Question 29

Which of the following characteristics and guidelines for physical activity and exercise appear to have the greatest impact on changing an individual's mood?

A) Performing heavy breathing from the chest
B) Having continuous interpersonal communication
C) Performing unpredictable activities that require quick responses and movements
D) Performing rhythmic and repetitive movements that allow the mind to focus on important issues

Question 30

Which of the following hypotheses best explains that an improved emotional profile after exercise is because exercise provides a release from the normal everyday occurrences that often lead to stress and negative emotions?

A) Monoamine hypothesis
B) Thermogenic hypothesis
C) Endorphin hypothesis
D) Distraction hypothesis

Question 31

The __________ postulates that individuals engaging in a new behavior, such as adopting a regular exercise program, move through the stages of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.

A) Health Behavior Model
B) Theory of Planned Behavior/Reasoned Action
C) Social Cognitive Theory
D) Transtheoretical Model

Question 32

The mental faculty of knowing is best described by:

A) cognition.
B) perception.
C) observation.
D) objective.

Question 33

An impression that an individual is capable of performing in a certain manner or attaining certain goals during competition is described as:

A) self-efficacy.
B) self-determination.
C) self-concept.
D) self-esteem.

Question 34

The most dependable and influential factor affecting self-efficacy in sport competition is:

A) extrinsic motivation.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) psychological traits.
D) past performance.

Question 35

A high level of arousal and a low level of performance by a competitive athlete is best explained by the following.

A) Drive Theory
B) Inverted U Hypothesis
C) Circumplex Model
D) Dominant Response Theory

Question 36

Anxiety levels can be reduced through exercise by following which of these guidelines?

A) Maintain an exercise intensity of at least 75% of maximal effort
B) Employ exercise durations that are longer rather than shorter
C) Participate only in aerobic activities
D) Always exercise with a partner

Question 37

Which of the following does NOT have a significant impact on changing an individual's mood?

A) Performing rhythmic abdominal breathing
B) Performing significant interpersonal communication
C) Performing closed and predictable activities that allow for preplanned movement
D) Performing rhythmic and repetitive movements that allow the mind to focus on important issues

Question 38

The behavior of continuing participation in a regular program of exercise is best described as:

A) Health behavior.
B) Theory of planned behavior.
C) Transtheoretical model of behavior.
D) Exercise adherence.

Question 39

An example of a personal determinant of exercise behavior is:

A) access to facilities.
B) level of self-confidence.
C) family influences.
D) available time.

Question 40

Which of the following prominent psychological factors has NOT been shown to be important in illness and injury treatment?

A) Pain perception
B) Self-efficacy
C) Level of arousal
D) Level of stress