Deck 3: How Personality Influences Human Relations

Question 1

A(n) _______ is a set of beliefs that has been tested a number of times and is considered valid.

A) hypothesis
B) research question
C) theory
D) analysis

Answer 1

theory

Question 2

Jeanne believes that women choose dating partners similar to their fathers. This belief, which has been tested several times in her research lab, is also known as a(n)

A) hypothesis.
B) research question.
C) theory.
D) analysis.

Answer 2

theory.

Question 3

A person's pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are consistent over time and across situations is also known as his or her

A) personality.
B) personal description.
C) self-esteem.
D) possible self.

Answer 3

personality.

Question 4

Some of Freud's work is considered controversial today because of his undue emphasis on

A) early childhood experience.
B) late adulthood experience.
C) puberty.
D) sexual urges.

Question 5

According to the _______ perspective, personality is shaped by an ongoing struggle between two or more conflicting needs.

A) behaviorist
B) humanist
C) trait
D) psychoanalytic

Question 6

Chris meets with Dr. Brown because he believes his desire for sex is at conflict with his church's expectation of waiting until marriage. Which approach would consider this a conflict between satisfying urges and societal expectation?

A) Trait
B) Psychoanalytic
C) Behaviorist
D) Humanist

Question 7

Using Freud's analogy of the mind as an iceberg, which part is the largest?

A) Id
B) Consciousness
C) Preconscious
D) Unconscious

Question 8

From a psychoanalytic perspective, much of the conflict that occurs is in the

A) id.
B) consciousness.
C) preconscious.
D) unconscious.

Question 9

The part of our mind with which we are aware is represented as the _______ of the iceberg in Freud's iceberg metaphor.

A) tip
B) middle
C) bottom
D) melting

Question 10

The part of the mind which can be brought to awareness by focusing on it is known as

A) ego.
B) preconscious.
C) unconscious.
D) conscious.

Question 11

Samantha insists on buying a new dress even though she has no money and isn't sure how she will pay her bills if she buys it. Which component of the structure of personality best explains this behavior?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Superid

Question 12

The only element of personality present at birth is the

A) super id.
B) super ego.
C) ego.
D) id.

Question 13

Which structure of the personality operates on the reality principle?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Superid

Question 14

The _______ tries to maximize pleasure while minimizing pain.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) superid

Question 15

The superego relies on the ______ and is concerned with making sure the id and ego function in a way consistent with a person's code of right and wrong.

A) pleasure principle
B) reality principle
C) morality principle
D) beauty principle

Question 16

Sixteen-year-old Janet has an opportunity to see one of her favorite music performers; however, the concert is on a school night. Janet would feel guilty if she lied. Although she knows her mother will disapprove of the late night, she decided to ask mom's permission to attend. Which aspect of personality structure is at work here?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Superid

Question 17

Because the ego has to pay attention to each force and satisfy each need equally, it is also known as the ______ of the personality.

A) executive
B) president
C) teacher
D) mediator

Question 18

Mark has always wanted to try marijuana, but knows his parents and coaches will disagree. He comes to the decision that the best way to try the drug without others knowing is to keep it a secret. The act of keeping it a secret to avoid punishment is best related to the ______ structure of personality.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) superid

Question 19

Mark has always wanted to try marijuana, but knows his parents and coaches will disagree. He decided that his ability to try something fun is more important than rules imposed on him by others. Fulfilling his immediate desire is best related to the

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) superid.

Question 20

Mark has always wanted to try marijuana, but knows his parents and coaches will disagree. He decides that his ability to try something new is not as important as remaining guilt-free and, therefore, chooses not to take the drug. Which structure of the personality is most related to his decision not to take the drug?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Superid

Question 21

When our anxiety is high, we can use _______ to resolve that anxiety.

A) self-defense
B) defense mechanisms
C) preconscious technique
D) self-esteem

Question 22

Wendy bought a new car even though her old one was still in great shape. When her mom asked why, Wendy replied, "I've been working hard. I deserve a reward." This is an example of which kind of defense mechanism?

A) Repression
B) Displacement
C) Projection
D) Rationalization

Question 23

After a confrontation with her boss, Andrea went home and yelled at her husband and kids. This is an example of what kind of defense mechanism?

A) Rationalization
B) Repression
C) Displacement
D) Projection

Question 24

When we have an unacceptable thought or impulse, we often avoid seeing it in ourselves, but are the first to point it out to others. This is also known as

A) rationalization.
B) repression.
C) displacement.
D) projection.

Question 25

At the gym, Marcus hits the punching bag harder and harder as he thinks about all the things he would like to say or do to his unfair boss. Which defense mechanism is this an example of?

A) Rationalization
B) Repression
C) Regression
D) Sublimation

Question 26

Whenever Sandy doesn't get her way, she pouts until her husband, Jim, changes his mind or gives in. What kind of defense mechanism is at work here?

A) Reaction formation
B) Repression
C) Regression
D) Sublimation

Question 27

Acting in a way that is completely opposite to an unacceptable thought or impulse is

A) reaction formation.
B) repression.
C) regression.
D) sublimation.

Question 28

_______ theory suggests that our personality is shaped exclusively by our experiences.

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Behaviorist
C) Trait
D) Humanist

Question 29

According to behaviorists, we are all born as _______, and the people we become are the result of environmental influences.

A) information processors
B) salivating dogs
C) active creatures
D) blank slates

Question 30

According to ________, we learn by associating a neutral stimulus with a natural, biological stimulus.

A) classical conditioning
B) humanistic theory
C) operant conditioning
D) observational learning

Question 31

Crying to an unconditioned stimulus, such as a loud noise, as evidenced by Little Albert in Watson's study on fear is an example of

A) unconditioned response.
B) conditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) untrained stimulus.

Question 32

Through a series of stimuli and responses, Little Albert developed a fear of rats. Eventually it became clear that Albert was also afraid of other white furry animals, such as rabbits and dogs. Becoming afraid of stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimuli is also known as

A) extinction.
B) shaping.
C) generalization.
D) fright.

Question 33

Watson's Little Albert study demonstrates how _______ can develop.

A) animal allergies
B) food preferences
C) schizophrenia
D) phobias

Question 34

The phase of classical conditioning that involves eliminating the conditioned response is

A) conditioned stimuli.
B) reinforcement.
C) extinction.
D) generalization.

Question 35

Whenever Carli smells a certain cologne, it brings back negative feelings associated with the breakup of her and her old boyfriend. The negative feelings in response to the cologne are

A) the conditioned stimulus.
B) the conditioned response.
C) the unconditioned stimulus.
D) the unconditioned response.

Question 36

When Carli and her boyfriend, Jake, broke up, she felt sick to her stomach. The breakup serves as the _____, and the feeling in her stomach is the

A) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response.
D) generalization; extinction.

Question 37

_______ is the unpredictable recurrence of a conditioned response that has become extinct.

A) Generalization
B) Extinction
C) Spontaneous recovery
D) Conditioned recurrence

Question 38

Learning based on associating behaviors with the consequences they have previously produced is known as

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) social learning.

Question 39

People are more likely to do favors again when their favors are followed by thank-yous than when followed by yelling. This is an example of

A) the law of negation.
B) reward.
C) the law of effect.
D) politeness.

Question 40

Grant helped Morgan by taking out the trash at her apartment on pickup day. She thanked him for his assistance, increasing the likelihood that he would do it again. In this case, Morgan's thank-you is an example of a

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) positive punishment.
D) negative punishment.

Question 41

Grant helped Morgan by taking out the trash at her apartment on pickup day. He found that his assistance reduced her stress level and made her less likely to get upset at him. Therefore, he continued to take out her trash. In this case, Morgan's reduction of stress and anger toward Grant is an example of a

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) positive punishment.
D) negative punishment.

Question 42

Meagan finds that studying for a test reduces her anxiety toward the test. As a result, she continues to study for upcoming exams. This reduction in anxiety is an example of

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) positive punishment.
D) negative punishment.

Question 43

Austin chose not to study for his first psychology exam and received a failing grade. As a result, he studied for the second exam and even attended study groups. For Austin, receiving a failing grade on the first exam is an example of a

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) positive punishment.
D) negative punishment.

Question 44

Austin chose not to study for his first psychology exam and received a failing grade. As a result, his parents reduced the amount of money they were sending him for personal expenses. This reduction is money is an example of a

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) positive punishment.
D) negative punishment.

Question 45

The major difference between negative punishment and negative reinforcement is negative punishment ______________ and negative reinforcement

A) punishes a behavior by taking away something; encourages a behavior by taking something away.
B) punishes a behavior by adding something; encourages a behavior by taking something away.
C) punishes a behavior by adding something; punishes a behavior by taking something away.
D) rewards a behavior by punishing another; rewards a behavior by taking something away.

Question 46

Ten-year-old Nora borrowed her mother's scissors without asking permission. As a result, she was spanked. When 6-year-old Angela played with Nora's doll without asking, Nora responded by hitting her. This example best represents which problem with physical punishment?

A) It increases the chance of a behavior being repeated.
B) If punishment is physical, it may teach individuals that the appropriate response to misbehavior is violence.
C) It teaches individuals to avoid getting caught, rather than eliminating the behavior.
D) It doesn't teach individuals why the behavior was wrong.

Question 47

In contrast to using punishment to stop behaviors, most experts believe in looking for positive behaviors and ___________ them.

A) overlooking
B) avoiding
C) attending to
D) reinforcing

Question 48

When considering why people do what they do, psychoanalytic approaches are to behaviorist approaches as

A) punishments are to defense mechanisms.
B) internal programming is to avoiding conflict.
C) resolving unconscious conflicts is to external programming.
D) external programming is to resolving unconscious conflicts.

Question 49

Compared to children in the control condition, children who watched adult models hit inflatable dolls were

A) less likely to respond with similar behavior when given access to the inflatable dolls.
B) more likely to respond with similar behavior when given access to the inflatable dolls.
C) more likely to respond with similar behavior even when inflatable dolls were not available.
D) equally likely to play with other items even when presented with the inflatable dolls.

Question 50

Bandura was able to determine that the behavior was observed from the model rather than typical play associated with the toy because

A) all children played with the Bobo doll in a generally aggressive way.
B) children playing with the Bobo doll used the exact phrases and actions as did the adult model.
C) only children not exposed to the adult model played with the Bobo doll in an aggressive way.
D) none of the children played with the Bobo doll.

Question 51

To determine whether the children would respond to frustration using the aggressive behavior they had seen the model perform, Bandura created frustration by

A) allowing all children to play with the Bobo doll.
B) allowing children access to the best toys and then taking the toys away.
C) allowing only those children exposed to the aggressive model access to toys.
D) refusing access to the Bobo doll to children participating in the study.

Question 52

In Bandura's study on modeling aggression, compared to children in the experimental condition, children in the control condition

A) were more likely to play with the Bobo doll.
B) were more likely to play with other toys rather than the Bobo doll.
C) were equally likely to play with the Bobo doll.
D) were more influenced by the model's aggressive behavior.

Question 53

____________ is the process by which we learn behaviors by watching others engaged in them.

A) Operant conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Defense mechanism
D) Observational learning

Question 54

Observational learning or learning behaviors by watching others engaged in them is also known as

A) modeling.
B) classical conditioning.
C) studying.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 55

Social learning theorists differ from behaviorists in that social learning theorists

A) only focus on behavior in response to environmental stimuli, and behaviorists focus on the mental activity that can accompany behavior.
B) are happier people, whereas behaviorists respond negatively to bells in their environment.
C) focus on the mental activity that can accompany behavior, and behaviorists only focus on behavior in response to environmental stimuli.
D) believe that most learning occurs in large groups of people.

Question 56

Max doesn't understand why Sharon refuses to study as much for the psychology exam as he. Sharon explains that grades just aren't as important to her. This difference in the reinforcing power of good grades for Max and Sharon is related to

A) values.
B) prejudice.
C) expectations.
D) cues.

Question 57

Which of the following theories views all humans as potentially good?

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Classical conditioning
C) Operant conditioning
D) Humanistic

Question 58

A person who gets along well with others and offers unconditional positive regard is also known as a

A) model.
B) reinforce.
C) stimulus person.
D) fully functioning person.

Question 59

Although group projects are difficult for many college students, Dante soon emerged as a well-liked leader who considered others' viewpoints even when they were different from his own. According to Rogers, Dante is

A) an optimist.
B) a fully functioning person.
C) self-actualized.
D) agreeable.

Question 60

Rogers is to Maslow as

A) self-actualization is to self-esteem.
B) self is to others.
C) self-esteem is to self-actualization.
D) others is to self.

Question 61

________ occurs when an individual has developed a complete sense of who he or she is, strengths he or she possesses, and acts in a way consistent with that.

A) Need hierarchy
B) Conditional positive regard
C) Low self-esteem
D) Self-actualization

Question 62

According to Maslow, the most basic needs to be met are

A) safety needs.
B) esteem needs.
C) physiological or biological needs.
D) belongingness needs.

Question 63

Abe is concerned he doesn't make enough money to feed and house his family. According to Maslow, Abe's primary concern is with his ______ needs.

A) physiological
B) safety
C) belongingness
D) esteem

Question 64

Margie commented to her husband, Jake, "I don't feel as close to you as I did when we first got married." According to Maslow, Margie is having trouble meeting her ______ needs.

A) physiological
B) safety
C) belongingness
D) esteem

Question 65

Dr. Grayson was concerned her teaching wasn't as successful as her colleague's. To do better, she started attending teaching seminars and workshops. Attending these classes should satisfy Dr. Grayson's ______ needs.

A) physiological
B) safety
C) belongingness
D) esteem

Question 66

Characteristics that predict a person's behavior consistently across a wide range of situations are also known as

A) opinions.
B) personality traits.
C) personality states.
D) observations.

Question 67

Sarah is very quiet, whereas Stacy is very outgoing. These differences suggest that Sarah and Stacy are at different points on the ________ continuum.

A) agreeableness
B) conscientiousness
C) openness to experience
D) extraversion/introversion

Question 68

The continuum of the Big Five personality theory that deals with tendency to be spontaneous or self-disciplined is

A) extraversion/introversion.
B) neuroticism.
C) openness to experience.
D) conscientiousness.

Question 69

________ is characterized by anxiety, nervousness, self-consciousness, and moodiness.

A) Neuroticism
B) Extroversion
C) Openness
D) Conscientiousness

Question 70

People low in _______ are more conventional, down to earth, and comfortable with familiarity than are people who are high in this trait.

A) extraversion
B) neuroticism
C) openness to experience
D) conscientiousness

Question 71

Whenever her friends are in trouble, Suzanne can always be counted on to lend a hand. Suzanne is high in

A) extraversion.
B) neuroticism.
C) openness to experience.
D) conscientiousness.

Question 72

Sawyer is disappointed her boyfriend has failed to help her again. He always has good intentions, but when it comes time to complete the task, he is nowhere to be found. Sawyer's boyfriend is low in

A) extraversion.
B) neuroticism.
C) openness to experience.
D) conscientiousness.

Question 73

People high in _______ are described as kind, sincere, courteous, helpful, patient, honest, and cooperative.

A) introversion
B) neuroticism
C) openness to experience
D) agreeableness

Question 74

Which personality trait has the biggest effect on marital adjustment for men and women?

A) Extroversion/Introversion
B) Neuroticism
C) Agreeableness
D) Conscientiousness

Question 75

Which of the following traits appears to be an influential factor in marriage for males and females?

A) Agreeableness
B) Openness
C) Conscientiousness
D) Extraversion

Question 76

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment set the stage for which of the following schools of thought?

A) The psychodynamic perspective
B) The social-cognitive perspective
C) The personality perspective
D) The behaviorist perspective

Question 77

Gloria and Debra are getting ready for blind dates on Saturday night. Although Gloria spends a lot of time making sure that she looks her best for her date, Debra just throws on sweatpants and doesn't put on makeup. When Gloria asks her why, she says, "It doesn't matter; he's not going to ask me on a second date anyway." Debra's behavior is based on her _____________ of the outcome of her date.

A) expectation
B) cognition
C) rationalization
D) sublimation

Question 78

According to the text, which of Maslow's needs is at the base of the hierarchy in Chinese culture?

A) Safety
B) Esteem
C) Belonging
D) Self-actualization

Question 79

In China, which level of Maslow's hierarchy is not a part of the culture?

A) Belonging needs
B) Esteem needs
C) Safety needs
D) Physiological needs

Question 80

A study conducted by Sheldon (2001) found that for both American and South Korean students, ___________ was the highest need.

A) esteem
B) self-actualization
C) safety
D) belonging