Question 1

A(n) _______ is a set of beliefs that has been tested a number of times and is considered valid.

Accepted Answer

A theory is a set of beliefs that has been extensively tested and is widely accepted as valid within the scientific community.

Question 2

Jeanne believes that women choose dating partners similar to their fathers. This belief, which has been tested several times in her research lab, is also known as a(n)

Accepted Answer

Jeanne's belief that women choose dating partners similar to their fathers, which has been tested multiple times, constitutes a theory. A theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation.

Question 3

A person's pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are consistent over time and across situations is also known as his or her

Accepted Answer

Personality is defined as an individual's consistent patterns of feeling, thought, and behavior, which remain relatively stable over time and across different situations.

Question 4

Some of Freud's work is considered controversial today because of his undue emphasis on

Accepted Answer

Freud's theories often emphasized sexual urges as a primary driver of human behavior, which has been a source of controversy and criticism in contemporary psychology and broader discussions.

Question 5

According to the _______ perspective, personality is shaped by an ongoing struggle between two or more conflicting needs.

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic perspective, founded by Sigmund Freud, posits that personality is shaped by an ongoing struggle between conflicting needs and drives, particularly in the unconscious mind.

Question 6

Chris meets with Dr. Brown because he believes his desire for sex is at conflict with his church's expectation of waiting until marriage. Which approach would consider this a conflict between satisfying urges and societal expectation?

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic approach, developed by Sigmund Freud, focuses on how unconscious desires and conflicts between different parts of the mind influence behavior. In this scenario, the conflict between Chris's sexual desires and his church's expectations is seen as a classic example of the type of internal conflict that the psychoanalytic approach aims to address.

Question 7

Using Freud's analogy of the mind as an iceberg, which part is the largest?

Accepted Answer

Freud's analogy of the mind as an iceberg suggests that the largest part is the unconscious, which lies below the surface of awareness and contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are not accessible to the conscious mind.

Question 8

From a psychoanalytic perspective, much of the conflict that occurs is in the

Accepted Answer

From a psychoanalytic perspective, much of the conflict that occurs is in the unconscious. This is because the unconscious mind harbors thoughts, memories, and desires that are not readily accessible to the conscious mind but can still influence behaviors and emotions.

Question 9

The part of our mind with which we are aware is represented as the _______ of the iceberg in Freud's iceberg metaphor.

Accepted Answer

Freud's iceberg metaphor for the human mind depicts the conscious mind as the tip of the iceberg, which is the small part visible above the water, representing the part of our mind with which we are aware.

Question 10

The part of the mind which can be brought to awareness by focusing on it is known as

Accepted Answer

The preconscious is the part of the mind that contains thoughts, memories, and feelings that are not part of one's immediate awareness but can be easily brought to consciousness by focusing on them.

Question 11

Samantha insists on buying a new dress even though she has no money and isn't sure how she will pay her bills if she buys it. Which component of the structure of personality best explains this behavior?

Accepted Answer

The Id is the part of the personality structure that contains a person's basic, instinctual drives. It is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives. Samantha's insistence on buying a new dress despite financial constraints is an example of the Id's operation, prioritizing immediate pleasure and desire over practical or moral considerations.

Question 12

The only element of personality present at birth is the

Accepted Answer

The id is the only element of personality present at birth, according to Freudian psychoanalytic theory. It represents the instinctual drives and is the source of basic impulses and bodily needs.

Question 13

Which structure of the personality operates on the reality principle?

Accepted Answer

The ego operates on the reality principle, mediating between the desires of the id, the demands of the environment, and the moral constraints of the superego to make realistic decisions.

Question 14

The _______ tries to maximize pleasure while minimizing pain.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _______ tries to maximize pleasure while...

Question 15

The superego relies on the ______ and is concerned with making sure the id and ego function in a way consistent with a person's code of right and wrong.

Accepted Answer

The superego operates on the morality principle, guiding behavior to conform with societal norms and personal ethics, distinguishing right from wrong.

Question 16

Sixteen-year-old Janet has an opportunity to see one of her favorite music performers; however, the concert is on a school night. Janet would feel guilty if she lied. Although she knows her mother will disapprove of the late night, she decided to ask mom's permission to attend. Which aspect of personality structure is at work here?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sixteen-year-old Janet has an opportunity to see...

Question 17

Because the ego has to pay attention to each force and satisfy each need equally, it is also known as the ______ of the personality.

Accepted Answer

The ego is often referred to as the "executive" of the personality because it is responsible for managing and balancing the demands of the id, superego, and reality.

Question 18

Mark has always wanted to try marijuana, but knows his parents and coaches will disagree. He comes to the decision that the best way to try the drug without others knowing is to keep it a secret. The act of keeping it a secret to avoid punishment is best related to the ______ structure of personality.

Accepted Answer

The ego is the aspect of personality involved in dealing with reality and making decisions that consider societal norms and rules. In this scenario, Mark's decision to keep his actions a secret to avoid punishment from his parents and coaches demonstrates the ego's role in mediating between his desires (id) and moral standards (superego).

Question 19

Mark has always wanted to try marijuana, but knows his parents and coaches will disagree. He decided that his ability to try something fun is more important than rules imposed on him by others. Fulfilling his immediate desire is best related to the

Accepted Answer

The id is the part of the personality that contains our primitive impulses—such as thirst, anger, hunger—and demands immediate satisfaction. Mark's decision to prioritize his immediate desire to try marijuana over the rules or moral objections from his parents and coaches aligns with the characteristics of the id, which seeks pleasure and avoids pain without considering the consequences.

Question 20

Mark has always wanted to try marijuana, but knows his parents and coaches will disagree. He decides that his ability to try something new is not as important as remaining guilt-free and, therefore, chooses not to take the drug. Which structure of the personality is most related to his decision not to take the drug?

Accepted Answer

The superego is the part of the personality that acts as a moral center, guiding behavior according to learned societal standards and ideals, which in Mark's case, leads him to decide against trying marijuana to avoid guilt and stay aligned with his parents' and coaches' expectations.

Quiz 3: How Personality Influences Human Relations