Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

In sensory memory, the approximate duration of a visual image is about _____, and the approximate duration of auditory echoic memory is up to _____.

A) 1/2 second; 4 seconds
B) 1 second; 1 minute
C) several seconds; 1/4 second
D) 1/2 minute; 4 minutes

Answer 1

1/2 second; 4 seconds

Question 2

The process of translating information into neural language that will be retained in memory is called _____.

A) dictation
B) encoding
C) translation
D) encrypting

Answer 2

encoding

Question 3

With regard to memory, the process of retaining neurally coded information over time is known as _____.

A) maintenance
B) capturing
C) sensory retention
D) storage

Answer 3

storage

Question 4

Which of the following are ways that people can improve their elaborative rehearsal skills?

A) Expand on the information
B) Question the new information
C) Find meaning in the information
D) All of the above

Question 5

This explains why you can recall what someone said several seconds ago, even if you were absorbed in another task when he or she first said it.

A) Iconic memory
B) Phonosonic memory
C) working memory
D) Echoic memory

Question 6

Memory is a _____________ that includes the organization and shaping of information by processing, storage, and retrieval of information.

A) encoding process
B) memory process
C) constructive process
D) pneumonic process

Question 7

The following descriptions are characteristic of _____: information lasts for a few seconds or less, a large but not unlimited storage capacity, and transmission of an accurate but not perfect "image."

A) long-term memory
B) short-term memory
C) working memory
D) sensory memory

Question 8

Maintenance rehearsal allows us to keep information in _____ memory longer than the typical 30 seconds.

A) short-term
B) long-term
C) sensory
D) permanent

Question 9

_____ refers to the stage of memory in which a relatively exact image of a sensory experience is held briefly until it can be further processed.

A) Long-term memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Sensory memory
D) Working memory

Question 10

The process of repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory is called _____.

A) iconic memory
B) mnemonic memory
C) elaborative rehearsal
D) maintenance rehearsal

Question 11

This is an internal record or representation of some prior event or experience.

A) Intellect
B) Cognition
C) Memory
D) Perception

Question 12

The memory system that stores sensory information while it "decides" whether to send it on to LTM is called _____ memory in the traditional memory model.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) higher-order

Question 13

The three steps in memory processing are _____.

A) encoding, storage, retrieval
B) translations, maintenance, transmittal
C) dictation, capturing, regurgitation
D) encrypting, sensory retention, neural processing

Question 14

In the three-stage memory model, which of the following is the CORRECT memory pathway?

A) Sensory memory - STM - LTM
B) STM - LTM - perceptual memory
C) Sensory memory - perceptual memory - working memory
D) Sensory memory - STM - LTM - perceptual memory

Question 15

In a computer model of memory, _____ would happen at the keyboard, _____ on the monitor, and _____ on the hard drive.

A) retrieval, storage, encoding
B) encoding, storage, retrieval
C) storage, encoding, retrieval
D) encoding, retrieval, storage

Question 16

______ is (are) important if one wants to learn and remember a great deal of information.

A) Maintenance rehearsal
B) Attention
C) Organization and association
D) Perception

Question 17

The three storage systems included in the three-stage memory model are _____.

A) sensory, perceptual, and factual
B) semantic, episodic, and long-term
C) sensory, short-term, and long-term
D) conscious, unconscious, and preconscious

Question 18

According to the three-stage memory model, information must first enter _____ memory and then transfer to _____ memory, then to _____ memory to be retained in our memory systems.

A) sensory, short-term, working
B) short-term, sensory, long-term
C) sensory, short-term, long-term
D) working, short-term, sensory

Question 19

Yu-Wai just met a woman he feels attracted to. He keeps saying her name over and over to himself to make sure he doesn't forget it. Yu-Wai is using _____ to keep this woman's name in _____ memory.

A) mnemonics; long-term memory
B) a reverberating circuit; sensory memory
C) maintenance rehearsal; short-term memory
D) selective attention; short-term memory

Question 20

When you swallow the last bite of a divine piece of chocolate and continue to experience the delightful taste for a bit longer, you are utilizing your _____.

A) long-term memory
B) mnemonic devices
C) sensory memory system
D) imaginary sensory system

Question 21

Implicit/nondeclarative memory is learned _____.

A) unintentionally or unconsciously
B) through repetition
C) via classical conditioning
D) all of these options

Question 22

This is an encoding technique linking new information to previously stored material in LTM.

A) Elaborative rehearsal
B) Shallow processing
C) Maintenance rehearsal
D) Hierarchical encoding

Question 23

_____ is the process of grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit in order to store more information in _____.

A) Chunking; short-term memory
B) Divided attention; short-term
C) Collecting; long-term memory
D) Dual-coding; sensory memory

Question 24

The two major systems of long-term memory are _____.

A) explicit and declarative
B) semantic and procedural
C) implicit and nondeclarative
D) explicit and implicit

Question 25

When you blow dry your hair in the morning, you are using _____.

A) priming
B) procedural memory
C) explicit memory
D) episodic memory

Question 26

Miguel has an average memory capacity. Which of the following lists is the MOST likely to forget?

A) IBM, CBS, FBI, CIA, NBC, ABC, ESP
B) Karen, Kathy, Katie, Keith, Kevin, Kim,
C) 123, 456, 789, 987, 654, 321
D) ZKQ, LMP, TSC, XRJ

Question 27

The memory subsystem that stores unconscious procedural skills, simple classically conditioned responses, and priming is called _____ memory.

A) primary/unconscious
B) explicit/declarative
C) implicit/nondeclarative
D) nonverbal unconscious

Question 28

Short-term memory receives information from _____ memory.

A) sensory
B) sensory and working
C) long-term
D) sensory and long-term

Question 29

What is the purpose stated in your text of long-term memory?

A) to facilitate language abilities
B) to store information for long periods of time
C) to encode data for later retrieval
D) to engage our objective judgment systems

Question 30

_______ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to long-term memory compared to _______ rehearsal.

A) Explicit, Implicit
B) Episodic; Semantic
C) Elaborative; maintenance
D) Maintenance; elaborative

Question 31

This is the subsystem within long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences.

A) Explicit memory
B) Sensory memory
C) Procedural memory
D) Implicit memory

Question 32

The immediate goal of elaborative rehearsal is to _____ new information.

A) recall
B) memorize
C) understand
D) recognize

Question 33

With regard to memory, tying shoes requires the use of your _____.

A) semantic memory
B) procedural memory
C) episodic memory
D) explicit memory

Question 34

Which of the following is TRUE regarding short-term memory?

A) It has a relatively large capacity.
B) It contains conscious thought, reasoning and perception.
C) It maintains information for four seconds or less.
D) It receives information only from sensory memory.

Question 35

Your general knowledge of what you have learned so far in this course is called _____.

A) nondeclarative memory
B) implicit memory
C) semantic memory
D) episodic memory

Question 36

Nanette highlights the margin-definition of terms in her psychology textbook; Nathan thinks about how each term applies to his own life or to other concepts in the chapter. Nathan is more likely to recall and use the terms better on an essay exam because _____.

A) he used dual-coding and Nanette did not
B) he obviously isn't interested in psychology
C) he used maintenance rehearsal and Nanette did not
D) he processed the terms at a deeper level than did Nanette

Question 37

Knowledge of facts and the relationships between them is called _____ memory, whereas knowledge of events is called _____ memory.

A) informative; autobiographical
B) factual; landmark
C) semantic; episodic
D) explicit; implicit

Question 38

This is an example of episodic memory.

A) Freud is considered the father of psychology.
B) The name of the 16th president of the U.S.
C) The name of the third Super Bowl winning team
D) The event leading up to your high school graduation

Question 39

Of the three memory stages, _____ has the greatest capacity and the longest duration.

A) sensory memory
B) long-term memory
C) short-term memory
D) working memory

Question 40

This memory stage stores an almost limitless amount of information for a nearly permanent length of time.

A) long-term memory
B) short-term memory
C) Central executive
D) Working memory

Question 41

Ebbinghaus found that he could remember _____ percent of a list of nonsense syllables an hour after learning the list perfectly, _____ percent a day later, and _____ percent a week later.

A) 10; 20; 30
B) 44; 35; 21
C) 99; 90; 10
D) 50; 49; 48

Question 42

An essay test requires the use of _____ because you must use very general retrieval cues to search the contents of your LTM.

A) the encoding specificity principle
B) recall
C) recognition
D) all of these options

Question 43

A clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall of a stored piece of information from long-term memory is called a _____.

A) specificity code
B) priming pump
C) retrieval cue
D) flashbulb stimulus

Question 44

Generating personal examples of a concept, expanding on information, actively questioning new information, and looking for meaningfulness are all methods of _____ rehearsal.

A) maintenance
B) encoding
C) chunking
D) elaborative

Question 45

According to the serial position effect, to increase the chance that you will be remembered by your host when introduced at a crowded party, you should try to be introduced _____.

A) seventh
B) in the middle
C) fourth
D) either first or last

Question 46

The encoding specificity principle says that information retrieval is improved when _____.

A) both maintenance and elaborative rehearsal are used
B) reverberating circuits consolidate information
C) conditions of recovery are similar to encoding conditions
D) long-term potentiation is accessed

Question 47

The serial position effect suggests that people will remember _____ items better than _____ items on a list.

A) middle and end; beginning
B) beginning and end; middle
C) beginning; middle or end
D) end; middle or beginning

Question 48

Relearning is the process of learning material _____, which usually takes _____ time than original learning.

A) over and over again; much more
B) a second time; less
C) similar to other material; less
D) that is very complex; more

Question 49

Recognition is the process of _____.

A) recognizing that a present stimulus is familiar or has been encoded earlier.
B) matching the way information is encoded and later retrieved in LTM
C) using a general cue to search the contents of STM
D) stimulating the recall and retrieval of information in STM

Question 50

Just as chunking is a form of STM organization, _____ is (are) a form of LTM organization.

A) parallel processing
B) rehearsal
C) hierarchies
D) massed practice

Question 51

Prior exposure to a stimulus that facilitates or inhibits the processing of new information even when there is no conscious memory of the exposure is called _____.

A) priming
B) unconscious coding
C) primary processing
D) declarative memory

Question 52

In answering this question, the correct multiple-choice option may serve as a _____ for recalling accurate information from your long-term memory.

A) specificity code
B) priming pump
C) retrieval cue
D) flashbulb stimulus

Question 53

The tendency to remember previous sad events when feeling sad in the present is an example of _____ memory.

A) state-dependent
B) mood-congruent
C) context-dependent
D) emotion-focused

Question 54

Someone asks you to name the twenty-second president of the United States, but you can't remember. To aid your memory, the person then tells you that the president's name is the same as that of a large city on Lake Erie. Upon hearing the hint, you instantly realize that Grover Cleveland is the answer. In this situation, the hint acted as a(n) ______.

A) elaborative rehearsal cue
B) cross code
C) structural cue
D) retrieval cue

Question 55

_____ theory suggests that memory is like any other biological process that deteriorates over time.

A) Deterioration
B) Interference
C) Decay
D) None of these options

Question 56

If you learn something while under the influence of caffeine, you recall it better when you are using caffeine again; this is known as ______.

A) state-dependent memory
B) trait-dependent memory
C) context-dependent memory
D) mood-congruent memory

Question 57

When taking an exam, students often do better with items taken from the first and last of the chapter covered by the exam. This demonstrates _____.

A) the superiority of distributed practice
B) source amnesia
C) the state-dependent effect
D) the serial-position effect

Question 58

When asked to recall the date of John Kennedy's assassination, Peter draws a blank; however, when asked whether it was October 24, 1962, November 22, 1963, or February 1, 1965, he correctly answers with the second of the choices. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of ______.

A) state-dependent memory
B) retrieval cues
C) cross links in deep structure
D) mnemonic devices

Question 59

To measure Anita's retention of the poems she learned 15 years ago, the time it took her to review, recall, and recite the poetry was recorded. This is an example of _____.

A) a recall ratio
B) relearning
C) reintegration
D) none of these options

Question 60

According to Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve, forgetting _____.

A) is initially rapid, then slows
B) is initially slow, then speeds
C) occurs at a steady rate over time
D) occurs rapidly in children and older adults, but slower in young adults

Question 61

An assailant entered a classroom and attacked the professor during class! Of course, it was staged for a learning experience so the professor said, "What did he look like? I only noticed he was really tall," even though he was actually rather short. When questioned by the police, most students described the assailant as being really tall; this is known as the _______.

A) misinformation effect
B) sleeper effect
C) source amnesia
D) the double bind

Question 62

Why do your teachers want you to distribute your study time evenly across the semester, rather than cram your learning into a few long, unbroken intervals just before exam days?

A) They know people learn better when using massed practice rather than distributive practice.
B) They are capitalizing on the sleeper effect.
C) They want you to be a nerd.
D) They know people learn better when using distributed rather than massed practice.

Question 63

Distributed practice is a learning technique in which _____.

A) subjects are distributed across equal study sessions
B) learning sessions alternate with non-learning rest periods
C) learning decays faster than it can be distributed
D) several students study together, distributing various subjects according to their individual strengths

Question 64

Jamie heard about a divorce that was printed in the RAG MAG, which she does not believe is very reliable. However, over time, she forgot where she heard about the divorce. The fact that she later came to believe the story was true is known as _______.

A) the misinformation effect
B) the information effect
C) the sleeper effect
D) source amnesia

Question 65

According to retrieval failure theory, memories stored in LTM are _____.

A) never really forgotten (tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon)
B) frequently inaccessible
C) lost once they are transferred to the unconscious
D) forgotten rather than repressed

Question 66

_____ theory suggests that we forget things because other information is blocking its storage or retrieval.

A) Recall
B) Decay
C) Blockage
D) Interference

Question 67

Tests make you anxious. You forgot there was a test today. Freud might suggest that his theory of _____ applies in this situation.

A) defense mechanisms
B) unconscious resistance
C) passive aggressiveness
D) motivated forgetting

Question 68

Students who study in long, unbroken intervals are engaged in _____, and are likely to perform _____ on a test of what they learned.

A) distributed practice; poorly
B) distributed practice; well
C) massed practice; well
D) massed practice; poorly

Question 69

When you study in long, unbroken intervals of time, you are engaging in _____.

A) massed practice
B) distributed practice
C) long-term potentiation
D) the Ebbinghaus principle

Question 70

_____ interference occurs when old information interferes with the recall of new information.

A) Prior
B) Retrograde
C) Proactive
D) Retroactive

Question 71

_____ theory suggests that forgetting is due to a momentary inability to recall permanently stored information due to interference, faulty cues, or emotional states.

A) Decay
B) Selective forgetting
C) Retroactive forgetting
D) Retrieval failure

Question 72

A retrieval failure that involves a sensation of knowing something, but being temporarily unable to retrieve, it is called _____.

A) reintegration
B) regressed repression
C) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
D) state-dependent forgetting

Question 73

_____ theory suggests that people block memories that could cause pain, threat, or embarrassment.

A) Blockage
B) Interference
C) Motivated forgetting
D) Defensiveness

Question 74

Cramming is another term for _____, which is an inefficient form of studying.

A) serial studying
B) buddy studying
C) massed practice
D) priming

Question 75

Varian is finding it hard to learn Greek in his first year of college because he took Latin in his last two years of high school. This is an example of _____.

A) motivated forgetting
B) proactive interference
C) retroactive interference
D) temporary amnesia

Question 76

Forgetting the actual origination of a memory is called _____.

A) retrograde amnesia
B) forgetting something
C) anterograde amnesia
D) source amnesia

Question 77

You are likely to forget your old address once you have learned your new one because of _____ interference.

A) semantic
B) episodic
C) proactive
D) retroactive

Question 78

Encoding failure is likely due to _____.

A) a problem with STM
B) a failure of sensory memory
C) momentary inaccessibility
D) deciding the information wasn't important enough to transfer to LTM

Question 79

This is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

A) Paul said "ooks" instead of "oops."
B) Simon wrote a song, but just couldn't recall the words at the moment.
C) Art said "white" instead of "black."
D) Peter experienced a sour sensation when he licked his lollipop.

Question 80

_____ interference occurs when new information interferes with the recall of old information.

A) Novel
B) Retroactive
C) Forward-acting
D) Proactive