Deck 6: Object Perception: Recognizing the Things We See

Question 1

___________ is being able to recognize that an object is a specific instance of a general class of objects;
___________ is being able to recognize that a specific object belongs to a general class of objects with the same properties.

A) Detection; discrimination
B) Discrimination; detection
C) Categorization; identification
D) Identification; categorization

Answer 1

Identification; categorization

Question 2

If Lulu were viewing a complex object and she recognized the object by analyzing its basic components, she would be experiencing

A) view-based recognition.
B) geons.
C) recognition by components.
D) both view-based recognition and geons

Answer 2

recognition by components.

Question 3

Which one of the following is NOT a theory of the recognition of 3-D objects?

A) recognition by components
B) view-based recognition
C) configural superiority
D) none of these

Answer 3

configural superiority

Question 4

Observers see a common object from an atypical viewpoint. Compared to seeing it from a more typical viewpoint,

A) they recognize it about as quickly.
B) they recognize it about as well if given sufficient time to think about it after seeing it.
C) they actually recognize it more readily.
D) they take longer to recognize it.

Question 5

Kayaert, Biederman, and Vogels (2003) found cells that respond to geons in the monkey's

A) primary visual cortex.
B) V4.
C) medial temporal area.
D) inferotemporal cortex.

Question 6

The work of James Stone (1998) on different, ameboid 3D structures revealed that changing the order of observation

A) increased recognition performance.
B) significantly impaired recognition performance.
C) apparently did not affect recognition performance.
D) none of these

Question 7

The work by Palmer, Rosch, and Chase (1981) showed that observers were more quickly able to recognize an object from a picture if that picture had been taken from a typical perspective. This finding supports the importance of

A) geons.
B) natural viewpoint.
C) field of view.
D) none of these

Question 8

If Jenny is shown an ambiguous drawing of an "old-woman/young woman," she will tend to

A) first see the one she's been told she'll see.
B) first see the one she's seen unambiguously before.
C) first see the one other than that she's been told she'll see.
D) first see the one other than that she's seen unambiguously before.

Question 9

Frank was exposed to an unambiguous version of a drawing. He later sees an ambiguous drawing. His recognition of the second drawing is biased by the earlier presentation. Frank has just experienced

A) configural processing.
B) priming.
C) featural processing.
D) none of these

Question 10

Perceptual learning improves after

A) a nap.
B) eating low-glycemic-index foods.
C) exercise.
D) eating carrots.

Question 11

One's knowledge influences one's perception of sensory information. This influence is referred to as a
____________ influence.

A) bottom-up
B) medial-lateral
C) top-down
D) lateral-ventral

Question 12

When a monkey has to search a complex scene for a particular object, an IT cell that responds to that object responds

A) 150 ms after the scene is shown.
B) 100 ms before the object is shown.
C) 100 ms before the eye movement that guided the monkey's fixation to the object.
D) 150 ms after the final eye movement brought the object into the cell's receptive field.

Question 13

If monkeys are repeatedly tested on their ability to discriminate among a set of stimuli, over several months the monkeys

A) show less and less interest in the stimuli.
B) show ever greater interest in the stimuli.
C) manifest less and less ability to distinguish among the stimuli.
D) show increasing ability to discriminate among the stimuli.

Question 14

According to James Gibson (1979), the set of possible actions that can be performed with an object is referred to as a(n)

A) affordance.
B) inattention blindness.
C) prosopagnosia.
D) none of these

Question 15

An affordance is

A) the tendency to perceive tall, thin objects as having greater volume than short, wide objects.
B) the visual depth of an object.
C) the estimated price of an object.
D) the perceived uses to which an object can be put.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a basic emotion that is recognized by most people who are judging facial expressions?

A) dislike
B) happiness
C) fear
D) surprise

Question 17

Our ability to detect when someone is giving a genuine smile could come from

A) activation of the muscles required to make a genuine smile.
B) activation of amygdala cells tuned to the orientation of contours formed by the mouth.
C) activation of hypothalamus cells tuned to the configural properties of the face.
D) none of these

Question 18

The condition known as prosopagnosia involves a(an)

A) inability to recognize a familiar face.
B) language impairment wherein names cannot be recalled.
C) a psychiatric illness involving denial of perception.
D) failure to see familiar objects.

Question 19

Which of the following phenomena indicates that an individual is suffering from prosopagnosia?

A) can identify a particular person's face
B) cannot correctly identify the gender of a face
C) can discriminate photographs of different faces from different views
D) none of these

Question 20

Identification of faces appears to be mediated by the

A) inferior temporal lobe.
B) parietal lobe.
C) occipital lobe.
D) none of these

Question 21

According to the textbook, IT cells that respond to faces could really be responsive to

A) identity.
B) configural information.
C) highly practiced object identity.
D) direction of eye gaze.

Question 22

When we employ subtle distinctions to identify a specific member of an object category, we are using

A) intermediate-level distinctions.
B) universal-level distinctions.
C) global-level distinctions.
D) subordinate-level distinctions.

Question 23

Alisa can be considered a bird expert when she can recognize objects at a subordinate-level

A) more accurately than objects on a general level.
B) as quickly as she can on the most general level.
C) slower than objects on a general level.
D) none of these

Question 24

According to the textbook, the purpose of attention is to

A) make object look sharper.
B) make objects look brighter.
C) reduce variability in perception.
D) all of these

Question 25

When attending to a particular region in the visual field, which location enjoys the greatest advantage in detecting a target stimulus?

A) 3 deg to the left of the attended region
B) 3 deg below the attended region
C) 3 deg to the left of the attended region when that region is part of the attended object
D) 3 deg below the attended region when that region is part of the attended object and the object is partially obscured

Question 26

What could trigger an involuntary eye movement?

A) a stimulus's suddenly appearance in peripheral vision
B) another person's eye movement
C) both a stimulus's suddenly appearance in peripheral vision and another person's eye movement
D) neither a stimulus's suddenly appearance in peripheral vision
E) nor another person's eye movement

Question 27

George is socially phobic; Bill is not. When they look at each other,

A) George makes fewer eye movements than Bill does.
B) George will likely look in the direction of Bill's gaze if Bill looks away.
C) George looks at Bill's eyes longer than Bill looks at George's eyes.
D) none of these

Question 28

The failure to notice an otherwise conspicuous change because of the diversion of attention is known as

A) change blindness.
B) inattentional blindness.
C) blindsight.
D) none of these

Question 29

We maintain a clear and complete perception of the visual world by

A) remembering the appearance of nonfixated objects from previous fixations.
B) making new fixations when the task demands it.
C) having attention regularly scan the visual world.
D) all of these

Question 30

Work on visual imagery suggests that imagined visual objects

A) fade from view very quickly.
B) cannot be matched to real pictures.
C) behave very differently from perception of real objects.
D) resemble blurred pictures of real objects

Question 31

Human infants develop full capacity to see visual detail at just about the same time as they learn to

A) drive.
B) walk.
C) speak.
D) crawl.

Question 32

When observers are shown a blurred picture of an object and the picture is gradually brought into focus,

A) younger observers take longer to recognize the object than do older observers.
B) younger and older observers arrive at solutions in different ways.
C) both younger observers take longer to recognize the object than do older observers and younger and older observers arrive at solutions in different ways.
D) neither younger observers take longer to recognize the object than do older observers nor younger and older observers arrive at solutions in different ways.

Question 33

The amount of blur that a person can tolerate when identifying an object is

A) larger when the object is initially very blurry.
B) smaller when the object is initially very blurry.
C) larger for young observers.
D) none of these

Question 34

Alexia refers to deficits in

A) recognizing genuine emotion in faces.
B) reading.
C) finding a friend's face in a crowd.
D) remembering the features of people called Alex.

Question 35

The particular form of alexia that highlights the connections between reading and visual object recognition is called

A) letter-by-letter reading.
B) agraphia.
C) dyslexia.
D) word-by-word reading.

Question 36

In reading a line of text, you normally fixate on

A) every letter.
B) every word except the smallest ones.
C) every second or third word.
D) a line at a time.

Question 37

As you are reading, each fixation of your eyes on the page lasts approximately

A) 1/8th of a second.
B) 1/6th of a second.
C) 1/4 of a second.
D) 1/2 of a second.

Question 38

During a fixation while reading, people spend most of their time

A) encoding or perceiving the text material.
B) recovering from the visual suppression of the prior saccade.
C) focusing to the correct distance.
D) programming the next saccade.

Question 39

Approximately how much longer does it take to read unrelated words compared to words that form a sentence?

A) five times as long
B) four times as long
C) three times as long
D) two times as long

Question 40

If you observe Janet showing the "word superiority effect" you'd see that

A) she recognizes words from her own language more readily than foreign words.
B) she identifies letters more readily if they're in words than if they are alone.
C) her word recognition ability is correlated with her educational level.
D) she identifies long words more easily than short ones.

Question 41

Which of the following is true of the accuracy of detecting a part of an object?

A) Accuracy is better if the observer attends to the entire unit (e.g., a word) and not to the parts (e.g., individual letters).
B) Accuracy is better if the observer attends to the parts and not to the whole.
C) Accuracy is unaffected by whether the observer attends to the whole or to the parts.
D) none of these

Question 42

Research on reading has revealed that when reading at a normal speed, a fixation must contain a minimum of at least _________ words.

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10

Question 43

During reading, top-down processes such as your expectations of what is coming next

A) impair reading comprehension.
B) facilitate reading comprehension.
C) either impair reading comprehension or facilitate reading comprehension.
D) neither impair reading comprehension nor facilitate reading comprehension.

Question 44

If the spaces between words are removed,

A) speed of reading is greatly reduced.
B) speed of reading is essentially unaffected.
C) speed of reading is enhanced.
D) none of these

Question 45

What are "geons,"
and what essential properties do all geons share?

Question 46

What is known about the neural concomitants of prosopagnosia?

Question 47

Distinguish between "top-down"
and "bottom-up"
models of perception

Question 48

Describe the differences between preattentive vision and vision with focused attention.

Question 49

Describe how change blindness relates to attention.

Question 50

Why is knowledge important for perception?