Deck 5: Brain, Motor Skill, and Physical Development

Question 1

Without stimulation and the opportunity to function,neurons are

A) unlikely to establish or maintain many connections with other neurons.
B) likely to establish and maintain many connections with other neurons.
C) likely to establish new connections but not maintain any old connections with other neurons.
D) unlikely to establish new connections,allowing for the strengthening of old connections with other neurons.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The term plasticity describes the

A) ability of damaged neurons to regrow and reacquire their previous function.
B) capacity of neurons in a damaged region of the brain to take on new functions.
C) flexibility characteristic of neurons as they grow around other structures.
D) compact and seemingly tangled appearance of the brain.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

________ is the process in brain development during which neurons are sheathed with a substance produced by the ________ cells that increases the speed of neuronal functioning.

A) Proliferation;glial
B) Myelinization;glial
C) Maturation;myelin
D) Adaptation;myelin

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Four-year-old Marta has suffered brain damage in the area responsible for speech production.Due to her age,Marta

A) is not likely to regain the ability to talk,due to the fragile nature of her young brain.
B) will have difficulty understanding speech,despite her ability to talk.
C) will have auditory impairment as well as speech impairment because both functions involve the same neuronal pathways.
D) should be able to recover her speech ability because neurons in other areas of the cortex are likely to take over speech functions.

Question 5

Bernadine,a one-year-old,and her mother were in a serious car accident.Although mother and daughter are expected to survive their injuries,both had brain damage.Who is more likely to recover fully from the brain damage?

A) The mother
B) The child
C) Mother and child are equally likely to recover.
D) Mother and child are equally likely not to fully recover.

Question 6

The process by which neurons move to various regions of the brain is called neuronal

A) proliferation.
B) migration.
C) differentiation.
D) myelinization.

Question 7

Neuron proliferation occurs primarily during prenatal development and much of it ends

A) a few hours before birth.
B) a few hours after birth.
C) by the sixth month of postnatal development.
D) by the sixth month of prenatal development.

Question 8

A(n)________ is a nerve cell within the central nervous system that is electrochemically designed to transmit messages between cells.

A) glial cell
B) myelin cell
C) electron
D) neuron

Question 9

Experience plays a role in the selection,maintenance,and strengthening of connections among many neurons.Thus,experience is important during the process of neuronal

A) proliferation.
B) migration.
C) differentiation.
D) myelinization.

Question 10

The type of plasticity that appears to be the result of a long evolutionary process in which neurons grow and differentiate at about the time they can anticipate particular necessary stimuli is called

A) experience-dependent.
B) experience-related.
C) experience-expectant.
D) experience-explicit.

Question 11

The process of neuron migration appears to proceed

A) by neurons attaching to glial cells,which radiate outward to their programmed destination.
B) by neurons randomly colliding with each other and pushing each other toward the neural tube.
C) after birth,when all glial cells have already been produced.
D) prior to the formation of glial cells.

Question 12

Neuron ________,which flourishes postnatally,is the process of enlarging,forming synapses with other neurons,and beginning to function.

A) proliferation
B) migration
C) differentiation
D) myelinization

Question 13

The process by which neurons increase in number is called neuronal

A) proliferation.
B) migration.
C) differentiation.
D) myelinization.

Question 14

Dr.Marcel is a researcher who studies the brain processes associated with behavior in adolescents.Which of the following conclusions is he most likely to reach about the adolescent brain?

A) Brain functioning becomes more inhibited during adolescence.
B) Brain functioning becomes less connected during adolescence.
C) Brain functioning becomes less effective during adolescence.
D) Brain functioning becomes more specialized during adolescence.

Question 15

The process by which neurons increase in size,complexity,and functioning is called neuronal

A) proliferation.
B) migration.
C) differentiation.
D) myelinization.

Question 16

________ are brain cells that provide the material from which myelin is created,that nourish neurons,and that provide scaffolding for neuronal migration.

A) Glial cells
B) Proliferative cells
C) Migratory cells
D) Menarche cells

Question 17

The process by which weaker or less active dendrites are eliminated is known as

A) dendrite cutting.
B) synaptic pruning.
C) neural extinction.
D) glial diffusion.

Question 18

The amino acid ________ helps maintain communications among neurons.

A) glutamate
B) sticamate
C) neuralmate
D) dendramate

Question 19

Sensitivity to ________ information is a form of plasticity that implicates neural differentiation as a crucial aspect of learning throughout the lifespan.

A) experience-expectant
B) experience-dependent
C) novelty-preferred
D) novelty-driven

Question 20

Neuron production in humans begins near the end of the first month of prenatal development,shortly after the neural tube closes,and much of it,at least in the cerebral cortex,is completed by the _____________ of prenatal development.

A) third month
B) fifth month
C) sixth month
D) eighth month

Question 21

Involuntary behaviors that occur in response to stimulation and are important for the survival of the individual are called ________ reflexes.

A) Babinski
B) primitive
C) postural
D) nutritive

Question 22

Sleeping arrangements for infants are highly controversial.In most cultures today,________ is the norm.

A) co-sleeping
B) room sharing
C) separate rooms
D) independent-sleeping

Question 23

Greg stays up late at night and must awake early to make his first class of the morning.His lack of sleep,typical in adolescents,is associated with all of the following except

A) lower grades
B) moodiness
C) lower self-esteem
D) riskier behavior

Question 24

Piaget suggested that sensorimotor activity serves as the prototype for and first stage in the construction of knowledge.If this is true,the acquisition,coordination,and integration of basic motor skills

A) are really not important to cognitive development.
B) have nothing to do with social skills.
C) can provide important insights into early cognitive and perceptual development.
D) are all that children need to develop to learn about the world until they go to school.

Question 25

Jenna has decided that she is going to have her baby sleep in a bassinet in her bedroom.This may reduce the chances of SIDS for Jenna's baby because

A) mothers and infants who sleep in the same room tend to synchronize patterns of sleep,breathing,and states of arousal,possibly reducing the occurrence of apnea.
B) mothers and infants who sleep in the same room do not spend very much time sleeping,reducing the opportunity for infants to die in their sleep.
C) mothers are more likely to wake up if their infants stop breathing while they are in the same room.
D) baby monitors do not do a very good job of differentiating between quiet sleep and the cessation of respiration.

Question 26

About 26 percent of adolescents get less than ________ hours of sleep a night.

A) 5.5
B) 6.5
C) 7.5
D) 8.5

Question 27

In most human adults,the sensory input and motor responses on the left side of the body are processed by the

A) left hemisphere.
B) right hemisphere.
C) midbrain.
D) left and right hemispheres.

Question 28

A month ago,Troy's reaching appeared to be random and not very accurate.Lately,Troy's movements have been getting faster and more precise.Troy's new reaches are called ________ reaches.

A) milestone
B) neat pincer
C) retrieval
D) ballistic

Question 29

As the weeks pass,infants usually sleep ________ often but for ________ periods of time.

A) more;shorter
B) more;longer
C) less;shorter
D) less;longer

Question 30

Very young infants often attempt to grasp objects with both hands.However,one-handed reaches become far more frequent as babies

A) focus more on retrieving larger objects.
B) gain more weight.
C) gain more postural control.
D) make cruising reaches.

Question 31

When Cassie was an infant,she would orient her head to the right whenever she was placed down.At five years of age,

A) Cassie will not yet have developed a hand preference.
B) Cassie will probably have a left-hand preference.
C) Cassie will probably have a right-hand preference.
D) Cassie's hand preference cannot be predicted based on her head orientation during infancy.

Question 32

A functional asymmetry in manual control occurs during the second year when the child

A) uses both hands to hold an object such as a bottle.
B) can use only one hand to manipulate an object because the other hand must support the child while sitting.
C) can reach accurately for objects in the visual field.
D) can reach and grasp with one hand while using the other hand to manipulate something else.

Question 33

A pediatrician may begin to suspect cerebral palsy or some other neurological impairment if

A) reflexes are absent.
B) reflexes continue to be exhibited beyond certain ages.
C) reflexes are displayed with unequal strength when normally elicited from either side of the body.
D) all of these

Question 34

The unexplained death of an infant or a toddler is generally referred to as

A) rhythmical reflexive death syndrome.
B) secondary infant death syndrome.
C) sudden immunodeficiency syndrome.
D) sudden infant death syndrome.

Question 35

________ is the process by which one hemisphere of the brain comes to dominate the other.

A) Myelination
B) Migration
C) Differentiation
D) Lateralization

Question 36

All of the following are considered prewalking behavior except

A) scooting.
B) crawling.
C) cruising.
D) prereaching.

Question 37

A(n)________ is an involuntary movement in response to some form of stimulation that is controlled by subcortical neural mechanisms.

A) habit
B) reflex
C) instinct
D) norm

Question 38

________ are repeated responses performed by a young infant for relatively long periods of time and with no apparent external goal.

A) Prereaching responses
B) Rhythmical stereotypies
C) Primitive reflexes
D) Postural reflexes

Question 39

Which of the following has not been recommended as a step toward reducing the incidence of SIDS?

A) Breast feeding
B) Softer bedding
C) Placing infants on their backs to sleep
D) Eliminating exposure to secondhand smoke

Question 40

Adolescents may be more prone to risky behavior due to the late emergence of improved ________ compared to the relatively early development of the ________ .

A) subcorticol regions;cognitive control
B) cognitive control;subcorticol regions
C) prefrontal regions;cognitive inhibition
D) cognitive inhibition;prefrontal regions

Question 41

Specific organs and systems of the body often develop

A) more slowly in girls.
B) more slowly in boys.
C) at rates similar to that for the whole body.
D) at rates different from that for the whole body.

Question 42

One of the strongest arguments in support of a genetic or maturational basis for the development of motor skills is

A) their tendency to be displayed at predictable times and in similar ways in normal children.
B) the fact that children tend to engage in the same sporting and physical activities as their parents.
C) that siblings are no more similar in their motor achievements than are unrelated people.
D) physically disabled children do not attain the same motor milestones as normal children.

Question 43

Boys and girls grow at similar rates during infancy and childhood,but ________ tend to have their adolescent growth spurt sooner.

A) girls
B) boys
C) obese children
D) European children

Question 44

When Miranda was four months old,she could bat at the toys in her crib with her arm.Now that she is seven months old,she can grasp them with her hand.This sequence of motor development conforms to which pattern of development?

A) Differentiation
B) Maturational
C) Cephalocaudal
D) Proximodistal

Question 45

Tyrone was ill for several months when he was four years old.His illness caused him to fail to grow to the same height as his friends.Now that he is no longer ill,Tyrone will most likely

A) show catch-up growth.
B) show gonadotropic growth.
C) show lagging-down growth.
D) stay smaller than his friends.

Question 46

Many researchers believe that catch-up growth and lagging-down growth are evidence for

A) a growth center in the brain.
B) a lack of genetic influence in development.
C) a lack of environmental influence in development.
D) HGH deficiency.

Question 47

The pattern of development in which organs and systems of the body near the middle tend to develop earlier than those near the periphery is called

A) proximodistal development.
B) cephalocaudal development.
C) inside-out development.
D) the growth spurt.

Question 48

The increase in growth after some factor,such as illness or poor nutrition,has disrupted the expected,normal growth rate is called

A) catch-up growth.
B) lagging-down growth.
C) lagging-up growth.
D) resurgent growth.

Question 49

Not only do members of the same family share similar patterns of body growth and development,but members of the same ethnic groups also show similar rates of growth and final body proportions.This suggests that

A) it is difficult to determine norms of physical growth.
B) there is great individual variation in physical growth.
C) cultural factors alone are responsible for physical development.
D) genetic factors play an important role in physical development.

Question 50

The decrease in growth rate that occurs after some period of accelerated growth caused by a hormonal or congenital factor is called

A) catch-up growth.
B) SIDS.
C) lagging-down growth.
D) cephalocaudal growth.

Question 51

Though many factors could contribute to the cultural differences in motor development,a very likely cause lies among cultural differences in

A) child-rearing practices.
B) communication.
C) paternal involvement.
D) cognitive processing.

Question 52

Quantitative measures that provide information about the typical values of growth or development at various ages are called

A) secular trends.
B) growth spurts.
C) norms.
D) patterns.

Question 53

Adolescent growth spurts appear to proceed counter to cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth patterns.In fact,the ________ are among the first body parts to show a dramatic change during this period.

A) trunk and upper limbs
B) hands and feet
C) neck and shoulders
D) shoulders and chest

Question 54

________ refers to the increase in body size and body organs,whereas ________ refers not only to changes in size but also to orderly patterns.

A) Development;norm
B) Growth;norm
C) Growth;development
D) Development;growth

Question 55

Genes do not control growth directly.Instead,genes regulate physical development by means of

A) chromosomal blueprints.
B) cephalocaudal directives.
C) proximodistal directives.
D) neural and hormonal activity.

Question 56

________ are chemicals produced by various glands that are secreted directly into the bloodstream where they can circulate to influence cells in other locations of the body.

A) Neurotransmitters
B) Hormones
C) Hypothalamines
D) Somatomedins

Question 57

Jimmy,a preschooler,is most likely to be interested in activities that

A) exercise his ability to think.
B) exercise his social skills.
C) allow him quiet time by himself.
D) exercise his larger muscle groups.

Question 58

Which of the following statements should not be taken as evidence for the importance of experience in determining motor development?

A) Many early reflexes are integrated into organized,voluntary motor skills as development progresses.
B) The swaddling practices of Hopi Indians have little effect on when infants begin walking.
C) Cultural values that promote the acquisition of motor skills have a significant impact on infant development.
D) Infants who are given practice with the stepping reflex walk earlier than children who do not receive practice.

Question 59

By the time children enter elementary school,boys tend to outperform girls on just about every gross motor skill except

A) skipping.
B) balance.
C) running.
D) climbing.

Question 60

When Erin brings her son,Matthew,to the pediatrician,the doctor is likely to compare Matthew's height and weight with the ________ for his age to make sure that his physical development is proceeding normally.

A) charts
B) scales
C) trends
D) norms

Question 61

The term secular trend refers to

A) various child-rearing practices that are observed across cultures.
B) various child-rearing practices that are observed within a culture.
C) a consistent pattern of change that occurs over generations.
D) a consistent pattern of change that occurs in the developing individual.

Question 62

Despite the negative social-emotional consequences attached to obesity in most contemporary Western cultures,many developing countries view body fat as a sign of

A) wrongdoing in a previous life.
B) substance and prosperity.
C) laziness and self-neglect.
D) self-sacrifice.

Question 63

Marasmus is a form of malnutrition in which an inadequate amount of ________ causes a failure to develop.

A) fatty acids
B) water
C) calories
D) minerals

Question 64

Sophia is an overweight ten-year-old in the fifth grade.She is likely to

A) experience more positive interactions with her peers than with her family members.
B) experience more negative interactions with her peers than other children do.
C) be labeled as lazy by her friends.
D) have no negative interactions with her peers until she enters high school.

Question 65

Research on trends in average height during the twentieth century shows that height in the Western European population has increased gradually overall.However,there were periods of population decline,such as during World War I and World War II,when food was scarce.These data suggest that

A) nutrition can affect height development.
B) genetics plays no role in height development.
C) genetics plays a large role in height development.
D) hormones are responsible for height development.

Question 66

Erica is three years old and looks fairly healthy,but she is extremely small for her age.Erica was removed from her family because of evidence of severe emotional deprivation and is now in a foster home.The cause of Erica's retarded growth is most likely

A) organic failure-to-thrive syndrome.
B) nonorganic failure-to-thrive syndrome.
C) deprivation dwarfism.
D) psychological nonnutritive syndrome.

Question 67

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) Concerns about becoming obese are expressed as early as age five.
B) Up to half of third-grade girls have attempted to diet.
C) France has far more teenage dieters than any other Western culture.
D) More than 40 percent of high school women report that they are dieting.

Question 68

Which child would not be labeled as failure-to-thrive?

A) Any child below the third percentile for height and weight in his or her age range
B) A child who has inherited an abnormally short stature
C) A child who has displayed normally slow growth from birth
D) A child who has been ill for several months and is not the same height or weight as his or her agemates

Question 69

________,caused by a lack of protein,is marked by lethargic behavior,wrinkly skin,an apathetic look,thin,reddish hair,and a distended stomach.

A) Bulimia
B) Anorexia nervosa
C) Kwashiorkor
D) Marasmus

Question 70

Maxwell was born with an insufficient amount of human growth hormone.He is likely to be ________ at birth and grow ________ throughout childhood.

A) underweight;slowly
B) underweight;rapidly
C) of normal weight;slowly
D) of normal weight;rapidly

Question 71

The ________ is a measure that is used to determine a person's fitness by comparing his or her height and weight with target healthy norms for people of the same age and body type.

A) body mass index
B) contemporary obesity estimate
C) secular obesity scale
D) height-weight ratio

Question 72

Which of the following is not true regarding the complicated issue of weight control in heavy children?

A) Obese children eat faster than other children of the same age.
B) Obese children do not slow their rate of food intake as they near the end of the meal.
C) Obese children tend to respond to external food cues rather than internal hunger cues.
D) Obese children are very accurate in reporting how much they eat.

Question 73

Jessica is obsessed with the fear of appearing too heavy and as a consequence she has become very thin.Jessica suffers from

A) bulimia nervosa.
B) anorexia nervosa.
C) obesity anxiety disorder.
D) generalized eating dysfunction.

Question 74

Marasmus and kwashiorkor are

A) pituitary hormones.
B) childhood viral diseases.
C) forms of malnutrition.
D) neural tube defects.

Question 75

Children as young as six years of age are likely to use labels such as "liar" or "lazy" to describe the obese people they see in pictures.This is a reflection of

A) the negative contemporary Western view of obesity.
B) how young children label their obese friends.
C) how young children label their obese family members.
D) the lack of body image awareness in young children today.

Question 76

Keith watches about six hours of television every day.Keith probably has ________ than other children his age who watch less television.

A) a higher body mass index
B) a lower body mass index
C) more friends
D) less body fat

Question 77

________ is a label applied to any child whose growth in height or weight is below the third percentile for children of the same age.

A) Lagging-down growth
B) Nonorganic failure-to-thrive
C) Failure-to-thrive
D) Stunted growth

Question 78

Which is a real-life example of a secular trend?

A) The average height of Western European and American children increased by nearly four inches between 1880 and 1950.
B) Children in Japan were taller in 1967 than they were in 1966.
C) Somalian parents tended to have more female babies in 1994 than they did in 1992.
D) The average weight of a man in Laos increased two pounds from 1993 to 1997.

Question 79

While working in Bangladesh for the American Red Cross,Cathy helped care for malnourished one- and two-year-old children with swollen and distended stomachs.These children were probably suffering from ________,which results from a lack of sufficient protein.

A) bulimia
B) kwashiorkor
C) anorexia nervosa
D) marasmus

Question 80

The disorder that typically affects teenage females and involves self-starvation and an unrealistic body image is termed

A) anorexia nervosa.
B) anemia.
C) bulimia nervosa.
D) obsessive-compulsive eating disorder.