Question 1

Without stimulation and the opportunity to function,neurons are

Accepted Answer

Neurons need stimulation and opportunities to function in order to establish and maintain connections with other neurons. Without these opportunities, they are less likely to form or maintain connections.

Question 2

The term plasticity describes the

Accepted Answer

Plasticity refers to the ability of neurons in a damaged region of the brain to take on new functions. This is often seen in cases where another area of the brain takes over the function of a damaged region. While some neurons may regrow, this is not always the case, and plasticity involves changes in existing neurons rather than the growth of new ones.

Question 3

________ is the process in brain development during which neurons are sheathed with a substance produced by the ________ cells that increases the speed of neuronal functioning.

Accepted Answer

Myelinization is the process in brain development during which neurons are sheathed with a substance produced by the glial cells that increases the speed of neuronal functioning.

Question 4

Four-year-old Marta has suffered brain damage in the area responsible for speech production.Due to her age,Marta

Accepted Answer

At a young age, the brain exhibits a high degree of neuroplasticity, which allows other areas of the cortex to adapt and potentially take over functions lost due to damage in a specific area, such as speech production. This capacity for neural reorganization can lead to recovery of speech abilities in young children like Marta.

Question 5

Bernadine,a one-year-old,and her mother were in a serious car accident.Although mother and daughter are expected to survive their injuries,both had brain damage.Who is more likely to recover fully from the brain damage?

Accepted Answer

Children have more plasticity in their brains, meaning they are able to recover from brain damage more effectively than adults. Additionally, the fact that the child is only a year old at the time of the accident means that her brain is still developing, which may work in her favor in terms of recovery.

Question 6

The process by which neurons move to various regions of the brain is called neuronal

Accepted Answer

Neuronal migration is the process by which neurons move from their site of origin to their final destination in the brain. Proliferation refers to the process of creating new cells, differentiation refers to the process of cells taking on specific functions, and myelinization is the process of forming a protective coat around nerve fibers. None of these processes specifically relate to the movement of neurons to different areas of the brain.

Question 7

Neuron proliferation occurs primarily during prenatal development and much of it ends

Accepted Answer

Neuron proliferation begins during prenatal development and continues until the sixth month of prenatal development, when most neurons are generated. After this period, the brain undergoes pruning and refining of connections, rather than generating new neurons.

Question 8

A(n)________ is a nerve cell within the central nervous system that is electrochemically designed to transmit messages between cells.

Accepted Answer

The description provided is that of a neuron, which is a specific type of nerve cell that is responsible for transmitting messages within the central nervous system. Glial cells are another type of nerve cell that provide support and insulation for neurons, while myelin cells (more accurately known as oligodendrocytes) produce the myelin sheath that surrounds and insulates axons of neurons. Electrons are subatomic particles that do not play a direct role in nervous system function.

Question 9

Experience plays a role in the selection,maintenance,and strengthening of connections among many neurons.Thus,experience is important during the process of neuronal

Accepted Answer

Experience influences the differentiation of neurons, determining which neurotransmitters they will release and which receptors they will express. This process is critical for the formation and strengthening of connections between neurons. Experience also plays a role in the pruning of unnecessary connections, which leads to a more efficient and effective neuronal network. Therefore, experience is a critical factor in the development and organization of the nervous system.

Question 10

The type of plasticity that appears to be the result of a long evolutionary process in which neurons grow and differentiate at about the time they can anticipate particular necessary stimuli is called

Accepted Answer

Experience-expectant plasticity refers to the type of plasticity that occurs as a result of an evolutionary process where the brain expects and prepares for certain experiences during development. This occurs during early critical periods when the brain is primed to develop in response to specific environmental stimuli. Examples of experience-expectant plasticity include the development of visual recognition and language acquisition.

Question 11

The process of neuron migration appears to proceed

Accepted Answer

Neuron migration is facilitated by glial cells, which form pathways for the neurons to follow to get to their programmed destination. This process occurs during fetal development when glial cells are present.

Question 12

Neuron ________,which flourishes postnatally,is the process of enlarging,forming synapses with other neurons,and beginning to function.

Accepted Answer

Neuron differentiation is the process by which neurons enlarge, form synapses with other neurons, and begin to function. Proliferation refers to the rapid reproduction of cells, migration is the movement of cells to their final location, and myelinization is the process by which axons are insulated with myelin.

Question 13

The process by which neurons increase in number is called neuronal

Accepted Answer

Neuronal proliferation refers to the process by which neurons increase in number through cell division.

Question 14

Dr.Marcel is a researcher who studies the brain processes associated with behavior in adolescents.Which of the following conclusions is he most likely to reach about the adolescent brain?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr.Marcel is a researcher who studies the...

Question 15

The process by which neurons increase in size,complexity,and functioning is called neuronal

Accepted Answer

Neuronal differentiation refers to the process by which neurons increase in size, complexity, and functioning. This involves the development of specialized structures such as dendrites, axons, and synapses, as well as the formation of specific neurotransmitters and other molecules required for neuronal communication. Neuronal proliferation (A) refers to the process of generating new neurons, while migration (B) describes the movement of neurons to their final destination in the brain. Myelinization (D) refers to the process of insulating axons with myelin, which can enhance their communication speed and efficiency.

Question 16

________ are brain cells that provide the material from which myelin is created,that nourish neurons,and that provide scaffolding for neuronal migration.

Accepted Answer

Glial cells are a type of support cell in the nervous system that provide various functions, including creating myelin (the fatty substance that covers axons and enables faster neuronal communication), nourishing neurons, and providing scaffolding for neuronal migration (the movement of developing neurons to their final location in the brain). Proliferative cells and migratory cells are not specific types of cells in the nervous system, and menarche cells are not a known type of cell at all.

Question 17

The process by which weaker or less active dendrites are eliminated is known as

Accepted Answer

The process by which weaker or less active dendrites are eliminated is known as synaptic pruning. This process involves the removal of underused or unnecessary synapses in the brain to streamline neural communication and increase efficiency.

Question 18

The amino acid ________ helps maintain communications among neurons.

Accepted Answer

Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is essential for maintaining communication between neurons. It plays a crucial role in learning and memory processes, as well as in the development and function of the nervous system.

Question 19

Sensitivity to ________ information is a form of plasticity that implicates neural differentiation as a crucial aspect of learning throughout the lifespan.

Accepted Answer

Sensitivity to experience-dependent information refers to the brain's ability to adapt and learn in response to new, specific experiences. This form of plasticity is thought to rely on neural differentiation, as the brain creates new connections between neurons and strengthens existing ones in response to new experiences. Experience-expectant plasticity, on the other hand, involves the brain's ability to respond to typical, predictable experiences that are necessary for normal development. Novelty-preferred and novelty-driven plasticity refer to the brain's tendency to pay attention to new or unexpected information, but do not necessarily involve neural differentiation.

Question 20

Neuron production in humans begins near the end of the first month of prenatal development,shortly after the neural tube closes,and much of it,at least in the cerebral cortex,is completed by the _____________ of prenatal development.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is C because neuron production in humans is completed by the sixth month of prenatal development.

Quiz 5: Brain, Motor Skill, and Physical Development