Question 1

Recent research on social comparison in young children suggests that children will have a more realistic understanding of their own status in the classroom if they

Accepted Answer

Frequent social comparisons based on achievement help children gauge their own abilities and status relative to their peers, leading to a more realistic understanding of their own status in the classroom.

Question 2

Babies begin to recognize themselves in the mirror at about age

Accepted Answer

Babies typically begin to recognize themselves in the mirror at about fifteen to eighteen months of age. This is a developmental milestone indicating the beginning of self-awareness.

Question 3

Feelings of worth and merit arising from an individual's evaluation of self are defined as the person's

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem is specifically defined as an individual's evaluation of their worth and merit. Inner self refers to a person's thoughts and emotions, while self-concept encompasses a broader view of a person's beliefs and attitudes about themselves. Self-attribution refers to the way people explain their own behavior or the behavior of others.

Question 4

The tendency to use others to evaluate one's own activities is called

Accepted Answer

Social comparison is the tendency to use others as a standard for evaluating oneself. This can involve comparing oneself to others who are similar or to those who are perceived as superior or inferior. It is a common human behavior that can influence self-esteem, motivation, and behavior.

Question 5

The ________ other,the combined evaluations of parents,teachers,and peers that are influential to a person,helps to determine a person's self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

The word "generalized" refers to evaluations that come from multiple sources, such as parents, teachers, and peers. The other answer choices do not accurately describe the concept of external evaluations influencing self-esteem. "Immaculate" means free from flaw or blemish, "expected" means anticipated or predictable, and "idealized" means held up to an ideal or perfect standard.

Question 6

When Clyde and Gavin were asked to describe themselves,Clyde said he was strong and fast,and Gavin said he was a better soccer player than most of his friends.Given these responses,which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

The answer of When Clyde and Gavin were asked to...

Question 7

The realization of being an independent,unique,and stable entity with the ability to inwardly ascribe beliefs,knowledge,feelings,and characteristics is called an understanding of

Accepted Answer

The definition provided in the question pertains to self-awareness, which is encompassed by the concept of self. Empathy refers to the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, altruism pertains to the concern and well-being of others, and reflection refers to the process of contemplating events, experiences, or oneself. While aspects of empathy, altruism, and reflection may contribute to the development of self-awareness, the specific definition provided in the question is reflective of self.

Question 8

Evaluations of the self in terms of individual competencies may not be a favorable practice

Accepted Answer

In cultures where the emphasis is on the community rather than the individual, evaluating oneself in terms of individual competencies may be seen as counter-intuitive or even detrimental to maintaining the cohesiveness of the community. This is especially true in collectivist societies where group harmony and the common good take precedence over personal achievement. Therefore, it is not recommended to engage in this practice in such cultures.

Question 9

Paul is only four and a half years old,and he loves football.He is excited to be going to a football game with his dad and hopes to meet many other football fans.Paul's view of himself as belonging to a group with a similar interest in football indicates that he has established a(n)________ self.

Accepted Answer

Paul's view of himself as belonging to a group with a similar interest in football shows that he has established a categorical self, which is based on social categories or groups that one belongs to. A social self is broader than just one category and covers all aspects of a person's identity in relation to others. A personal self is the individual's own unique characteristics and traits. An inner self refers to a person's private thoughts and feelings.

Question 10

Carla looked at a picture of herself and exclaimed,"That's me!" Carla's representation of herself as an object is called

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness is the recognition of oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals, which includes recognizing oneself in pictures or mirrors.

Question 11

Children with low self-esteem generally

Accepted Answer

Children with low self-esteem often have difficulty ignoring or minimizing the importance of areas where they do not excel, which can exacerbate feelings of inadequacy and further lower their self-esteem.

Question 12

Of the two components of the self described by William James,the "me" component is called the ________ self.

Accepted Answer

William James described two components of the self: the "I" and the "me". The "I" component is subjective and refers to the individual's direct experience of themselves. The "me" component is objective and refers to the individual's perception of themselves as others see them. Therefore, the best choice is A) objective for the "me" component of the self.

Question 13

The Samoan culture values contributions to the collective community more than the American culture does.Which of the following is most likely to be true regarding Mary,an American child,and Iolani,a Samoan child,with respect to their senses of self?

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that the Samoan culture values contributions to the collective community more than American culture does. Thus, it is likely that Iolani, the Samoan child, will place a greater emphasis on her connection and contribution to her community when evaluating her sense of self. On the other hand, Mary, the American child, is more likely to evaluate her self in terms of individual competencies as this is valued more in American culture. Therefore, B (Mary is more likely to evaluate her "self" in terms of individual competencies) is the best answer.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a child recognizing that people can have multiple or opposing selves?

Accepted Answer

Kimberly recognizes that Jenny can have different behaviors and attitudes depending on the situation, indicating an understanding of multiple selves. Option B relates to a person's abilities in different sports and does not necessarily demonstrate an understanding of multiple selves. Option C refers to the multiple roles a person can have, but not necessarily to multiple selves. Option D relates to emotions and enjoyment, but not necessarily to multiple selves.

Question 15

While looking at her reflection on the recently polished table top,baby Brianne notices some strawberry jam on the tip of her nose and reaches to touch her nose.Brianne has

Accepted Answer

Baby Brianne's ability to notice the strawberry jam on her nose and reach to touch it shows that she has self-recognition, which is the ability to recognize herself as separate from others and as an individual entity.

Question 16

Older school-age children engage in increasingly ________ forms of social comparison.

Accepted Answer

Older school-age children engage in more subtle forms of social comparison, such as comparing themselves to others in terms of academic achievement or athletic ability, rather than obvious or conspicuous forms like comparing clothes or possessions. There is no evidence to support options A, B, or D.

Question 17

The perceptions,conceptions,and values one holds about oneself is called

Accepted Answer

The term "self-concept" refers to a person's perceptions, conceptions, and values about themselves. The other options, such as categorical self, perceptual self, and self-recognition, are not as comprehensive or accurate in describing this concept.

Question 18

By seven years of age,self-descriptions shift from

Accepted Answer

At around seven years of age, children's self-descriptions shift from categorical activities (e.g. "I like to play with dolls") to relational statements (e.g. "I am kind to my friends"). This marks a transition from describing themselves based on external activities to understanding themselves in relation to others.

Question 19

A study that examined children's use of social comparisons in an achievement task found that ________ made use of social comparisons to judge their abilities.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A study that examined children's use of...

Question 20

A child who defines himself or herself in terms of membership in certain groups based on sex,age,or any other characteristic is establishing a(n)________ self.

Accepted Answer

The term "categorical self" is used to describe a child's self-concept based on membership in certain groups or categories, such as sex, age, or ethnicity. This type of self-concept is important for children's socialization and understanding of their place in the world. Therefore, the best choice is A) categorical.

Quiz 12: Self and Values