Deck 3: Human Development

Question 1

Developmental psychologists are interested in progressive behavioural changes that are correlated with which attribute?

A) age
B) socioeconomic status
C) intelligence
D) learning

Answer 1

age

Question 2

According to the textbook, what conclusions can be drawn in the nature?nurture debate?

A) Heredity is the most important because we inherit our potential for development as well as our limitations.
B) Environment is the most important because influences like learning, nutrition, disease, and culture affect our ability to develop to our potential.
C) It is the interaction between heredity and environment that is important in determining who we become.
D) Neither heredity nor environment is important; only our own behaviour determines who we are.

Answer 2

It is the interaction between heredity and environment that is important in determining who we become.

Question 3

When psychologists state that development is influenced by "nature," to what are they referring?

A) the effects of mother/infant bonding
B) the effects of heredity and genetics
C) the effects of environment and maturation
D) the effects of ecology

Answer 3

the effects of heredity and genetics

Question 4

When developmental psychologists look at the influence of genetic factors versus environmental factors, what are they addressing?

A) nature versus nurture
B) stages versus continuity
C) case study method versus parental influences
D) amniocentesis versus genetic counselling

Question 5

What do we call the long, ladder-like chains of molecules that provide the instructions for growth and development?

A) chromosomes
B) phenotypes
C) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
D) genes

Question 6

What type of psychologists are interested in progressive changes in behaviour and abilities across the lifespan?

A) humanistic psychologists
B) behavioural psychologists
C) developmental psychologists
D) psychoanalytic psychologists

Question 7

Which of the following is the chemical "ladder" or "alphabet" that provides the instructions for growth and development?

A) the zygote
B) the phenotype
C) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
D) a chromosome

Question 8

Of what are chromosomes made?

A) genes
B) sperm
C) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
D) phenotypes

Question 9

At any stage of life, many factors contribute to a person's development. Among the following options, what is the most significant of these factors?

A) the person's name
B) the person's environment
C) the person's height
D) the income level of the person's parents

Question 10

Bruce has a dominant gene for brown eyes and a recessive gene for blue eyes. What is his eye colour?

A) hazel
B) brown
C) blue
D) green

Question 11

What is a gene?

A) the observable traits or characteristics displayed by an organism
B) a unit of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) instructions that directs the development of a particular characteristic
C) a harmful environmental substance that can potentially produce defects in the developing embryo or fetus
D) the interaction between the forces of nature and nurture

Question 12

When traits are determined by many genes working together, these traits are which of the following?

A) dominant traits
B) recessive traits
C) polymorphic traits
D) polygenic traits

Question 13

What is a gene called if the feature it controls appears every time the gene is present?

A) a recessive gene
B) a dominant gene
C) a polymorphic gene
D) a polygenic gene

Question 14

What type of gene must be paired with a recessive gene before its effect will be expressed?

A) a recessive gene
B) a dominant gene
C) a polymorphic gene
D) a polygenic gene

Question 15

What do we call the approximately 25 000 small areas of DNA that facilitate the expression of various traits?

A) chromosomes
B) genes
C) somas
D) proteins

Question 16

Deirdre and Nat both have brown eyes. If they have a child, what colour eyes would the child have?

A) We can confidently predict the child will have brown eyes.
B) We can confidently predict the child will have green eyes.
C) To predict this, we need to know what eye colour Deirdre's and Nat's parents have.
D) We cannot predict the child's eye colour.

Question 17

Studies by developmental psychologists Kagan, Thomas, and Chess indicate that newborn infants differ in certain aspects such as sensitivity, activity, and irritability. Collectively, what are these aspects of development called?

A) intelligence
B) personality
C) temperament
D) aggressiveness

Question 18

Differences between two infants in energy levels, irritability, and distractibility relate to which aspects of development?

A) critical periods
B) temperament
C) maturation
D) emotional development

Question 19

When separating babies into categories based on temperament, which type is the largest group?

A) difficult children
B) easy children
C) slow-to-warm-up children
D) unresponsive children

Question 20

What do we call the sum of the external conditions that affect a developing human being?

A) inheritance
B) environment
C) nature
D) both nature and environment

Question 21

What is the term for the overall pattern of universal physical development?

A) normal development sequence
B) genetic development sequence
C) child development sequence
D) human growth sequence

Question 22

Which of the following characterize sensitive periods in development?

A) crises and conflict because of environmental influences
B) emotional upheaval
C) dramatic but temporary changes in behaviour
D) heightened responses to environmental influences

Question 23

In order for an infant's brain to develop normally, the mother's diet during pregnancy must contain an adequate supply of protein. What may result from adhering to such a diet?

A) an improved environment for the infant
B) a baby that is very fussy and colicky
C) a baby with a high intelligence level
D) a baby with a reduced brain weight

Question 24

What are sensitive periods in development?

A) times when children are not responsive to genetic influences
B) the occurrence of adverse events that slow normal development
C) times when children experience the most emotional upheaval
D) times when children are quite reactive to environmental influences

Question 25

What has research on the effects of the lack of normal stimulation, nutrition, comfort, or love on children from neonates to preschoolers revealed?

A) Children who do not receive optimal levels of stimulation from their parents can still develop normally by way of enhanced nutrition.
B) Mild forms of perceptual, intellectual, and emotional deprivation are not correlated with poverty.
C) Poverty has an impact on all types of deprivation except intelligence.
D) All of childhood should be viewed as a relatively sensitive period.

Question 26

What do we call the time when both positive and negative environmental factors have the greatest influence on development?

A) a maturational milestone
B) an emotional upheaval
C) a sensitive period
D) a period of crisis

Question 27

Which of the following is the proper order in the human growth sequence?

A) neonate, fetus, embryo, zygote
B) fetus, embryo, zygote, neonate
C) embryo, zygote, fetus, neonate
D) zygote, embryo, fetus, neonate

Question 28

What do we call the developing human organism from eight weeks after conception to birth?

A) a fetus
B) an embryo
C) a zygote
D) a neonate

Question 29

In the human growth sequence, what is the age range of senescence?

A) 65-75 years
B) 76-85 years
C) 86-100 years
D) There is no specific age range because it is extremely variable.

Question 30

Which of the following problems may result from exposure to German measles during pregnancy?

A) The virus could prevent vital nutrients from reaching the fetus.
B) The fetus could be spontaneously aborted.
C) The fetus may suffer from congenital problems.
D) The fetus may become anemic.

Question 31

What do we call the developing human organism from two weeks to eight weeks after conception?

A) a fetus
B) an embryo
C) a zygote
D) a neonate

Question 32

What may result from excessive drinking during pregnancy?

A) a child with chromosomal damage and a large head
B) a child with unusually high protein levels
C) a child with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
D) a child with high birth weight

Question 33

How do babies born to mothers who smoke differ from babies born to non-smoking mothers?

A) Those born to mothers who smoke are more likely to be underweight.
B) Those born to mothers who smoke are more likely to be overweight.
C) Those born to mothers who smoke are more likely to be born after their due date.
D) Those born to mothers who smoke are more likely to be born addicted to cigarettes.

Question 34

Jordan's mother was a heavy smoker when she was pregnant. If we were to measure Jordan's performance on language and mental ability, what might we find?

A) He has outgrown any cognitive effects of his mother's smoking.
B) He has advanced language and mental development due to the cigarette smoking.
C) He did not suffer because of his mother's cigarette smoking; his development depends on his mother and father's IQ.
D) He will have low scores on tests of language and mental ability.

Question 35

The existence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) demonstrates that alcohol is which of the following?

A) a teratogen
B) a stimulant
C) an invariant
D) a depressant

Question 36

Poverty is to deprivation as early childhood stimulation is to which of the following?

A) imprinting
B) enrichment
C) responsiveness
D) assimilation

Question 37

Children who grow up in poverty run a high risk of which of the following?

A) insecure scaffolding
B) hospitalization
C) deprivation
D) fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Question 38

Which of the following intrauterine factors leads to low birth weight, lower scores on tests of language and mental ability, and prematurity?

A) exposure to radiation
B) maternal stress
C) maternal smoking
D) Rubella

Question 39

How is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) best characterized?

A) by infant alcohol addiction
B) by an increased birth weight
C) by extreme developmental delays
D) by premature birth, facial deformities, and miscarriages

Question 40

Tammie, a heroin addict, is pregnant. With which of the following conditions will her baby most likely be born?

A) Down syndrome
B) heroin addiction
C) Parkinson's disease
D) schizophrenia

Question 41

What seems to be the effect of providing enriched environments for rats?

A) lighter brains in adult rats
B) heavier brains in adult rats
C) increased body weight
D) decreased physical activity

Question 42

What has Canadian research shown to be one of the simplest and most effective things a parent can do to enrich a child's environment?

A) encourage children to read on their own rather than reading to them
B) keep mirrors out of sight so that children don't become obsessed with themselves
C) read to two- and three-year-olds several times a day
D) keep the environment consistent by not rearranging their room through their childhood

Question 43

If newborn Pierre is startled by a loud noise or a sudden loss of support, he will make a hugging motion. What is the name of this motion?

A) the grasping reflex
B) the Babinski reflex
C) the rooting reflex
D) the Moro reflex

Question 44

If touched on the cheek, neonates will reflexively turn their head in that direction. What is this reflex called?

A) the Moro reflex
B) the Babinski reflex
C) the rooting reflex
D) the grasping reflex

Question 45

How are the grasping, rooting, sucking, and Moro reflexes in infants best described?

A) as conditioned reflexes
B) as instincts
C) as adaptive reflexes
D) as learned responses

Question 46

What reflex aids survival by helping infants avoid falling?

A) the grasping reflex
B) the Moro reflex
C) the Babinski reflex
D) the rooting reflex

Question 47

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be observed in neonates?

A) following moving objects with their eyes
B) imitating adult facial gestures
C) rooting
D) babbling

Question 48

Which of the following reflexes will touching a neonate's lips invoke?

A) the rooting reflex
B) the sucking reflex
C) the Moro reflex
D) the grasping reflex

Question 49

Which of the following are infants able to mimic before they are one month old?

A) facial expressions
B) bodily gestures
C) speech patterns
D) vocal sounds

Question 50

Which reflex helps a baby find a bottle or breast?

A) the rooting reflex
B) the sucking reflex
C) the grasping reflex
D) the Moro reflex

Question 51

What is the LEAST developed sensory ability at birth?

A) smell
B) hearing
C) vision
D) touch

Question 52

According to the research of Robert Frantz, what type of patterns do three-day-old babies prefer instead of rectangles?

A) complex patterns
B) simple patterns
C) circular patterns
D) square patterns

Question 53

According to psychologist Jerome Kagan, at what age do children seem to take an interest in unfamiliar faces and unusual objects?

A) 9 months
B) 12 months
C) 18 months
D) 24 months

Question 54

What seems to be the major force guiding the emergence of motor skills such as sitting, standing, and walking?

A) learning
B) maturation
C) phenotype
D) temperament

Question 55

Physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system occur in a sequential and orderly fashion. What is the name of this pattern of development?

A) habituation
B) proximodistal growth
C) maturation
D) resiliency

Question 56

What principle states that body parts closer to the central axis develop before parts of the body that are farther away?

A) proximodistal growth
B) cephalocaudal growth
C) maturation
D) resiliency

Question 57

What principle states that parts of the body closer to the head develop before parts closer to the feet?

A) proximodistal growth
B) cephalocaudal growth
C) motor development
D) maturation

Question 58

What is the average age at which toilet training is accomplished?

A) 15 months
B) 18 months
C) 24 months
D) 30 months

Question 59

Studies of newborn babies suggest that they clearly express only one emotion. Which one?

A) fear
B) excitement
C) rage
D) joy

Question 60

Until physical structures are mature, no amount of practice will be sufficient to develop certain skills. Which principle does this statement reflect?

A) assimilation
B) readiness
C) accommodation
D) resiliency

Question 61

What did psychologist Carroll Izard find to be the most commonly expressed emotion by infants?

A) fear
B) interest
C) anger
D) pleasure

Question 62

When does the concept of readiness occur?

A) when parents are ready to teach a child to walk, talk, toilet train, or feed him- or herself
B) when maturation has advanced enough to allow the rapid acquisition of a particular skill
C) when a child's genetic makeup has sufficiently developed
D) when a child's environment is stimulating enough to allow the rapid acquisition of a particular skill

Question 63

Taylor has stopped smiling haphazardly and now smiles more when another person is nearby. How old is Taylor likely to be?

A) one week
B) between two and six weeks
C) between two and three months
D) around ten months

Question 64

When is toilet training usually completed?

A) when the child wants it to happen, or when maturation has progressed sufficiently
B) relatively early, with highly intelligent babies
C) relatively early, with highly intelligent and self-aware babies
D) once maturation has progressed sufficiently

Question 65

Bridges found that the first basic split during infants' emotional development is between which of the following two emotions?

A) pleasant and unpleasant
B) fear and rage
C) anger and joy
D) love and hate

Question 66

Ten-month-old baby Rafael cries when his mother leaves him with a new babysitter. Which of the following does Rafael's crying indicate?

A) separation anxiety
B) social referencing
C) insecure-avoidant attachment
D) secure attachment

Question 67

At what age do children develop self-recognition, such as the ability to recognize themselves in a mirror?

A) 3 months
B) 9 months
C) 18 months
D) 24 months

Question 68

When her mother leaves, Anisah cries. When her mother returns, Anisah crawls into her lap. According to Mary Ainsworth, which type of attachment does Anisah have?

A) secure attachment
B) affectional attachment
C) avoidant attachment
D) ambivalent/resistant attachment

Question 69

You leave your child alone with a stranger for a short period of time. When you return, your child ignores you. Which attachment type does your child's behaviour indicate?

A) secure attachment
B) affectional attachment
C) avoidant attachment
D) ambivalent/resistant attachment

Question 70

Regarding the development of the parental-child bond, which of the following statements is true?

A) One of the most important developments of the first year of life is the level of discipline used by the primary caregiver with the infant.
B) It is possible to spoil a baby with too much attention during the first year or two.
C) The capacity to form warm and loving relationships in later life may depend on having early affectional needs met.
D) Attachment type is based primarily on a child's genetic makeup.

Question 71

According to studies, which of the following is most likely to facilitate secure infant attachment?

A) accepting and sensitive maternal involvement
B) stronger attachment to the father versus the mother
C) the age of the caregiver
D) high-quality daycare

Question 72

How is insecure attachment often displayed by children?

A) by separation anxiety
B) by seeking to be near the mother after separation
C) by turning away from the mother after separation
D) by separation security

Question 73

Which of the following is true regarding the evolution of children's play from solitary to cooperative play?

A) The transition typically occurs between the age of one and two.
B) The transition is one of the most important activities of childhood.
C) The transition does not allow children to practise playing roles, following rules, and learning to lead and follow others.
D) The transition plays only a small role in assisting with children's cognitive development.

Question 74

Which psychologist has studied the effects of three major parenting styles?

A) Erik Erikson
B) Albert Bandura
C) Diana Baumrind
D) Isaac Delgado

Question 75

Clarence exerts little control over his son's activities and impulses. What seems to be Clarence's parenting style?

A) authoritative
B) permissive
C) authoritarian
D) legalistic

Question 76

Isaiah likes to reason with his children and discuss the limits he is setting for them. His children tend to be very friendly, self-reliant, and socially responsible. What is Isaiah's parenting style?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) overly permissive
D) controlling

Question 77

Austin lays down the law and does not consider the opinions of his children. What is his parenting style?

A) controlling
B) authoritative
C) authoritarian
D) overly permissive

Question 78

Sidney's behaviour is immature and dependent; she misbehaves frequently and appears to lack direction or aim. Which parenting style did Sidney's parents most likely use?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) overly permissive
D) neglectful

Question 79

Which of the following is one way parents might discipline their children?

A) power management
B) management techniques
C) ambivalence
D) permissive parenting

Question 80

Children can become antisocial, aggressive, and insecure when a parent fails to provide which of the following?

A) effective bonding
B) discipline
C) hobbies
D) proper levels of stimulation