Deck 11: Population Estimates and Hypothesis Testing

Question 1

The act of estimating a population fact from a sample finding is called:

A) generalization.
B) statistical analysis.
C) probability estimation.
D) confidence interval calculation.
E) parameter analysis.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The proper command sequence in XL Data Analyst to generate a confidence interval for a percentage is:

A) "Confidence Interval", "Percentage", select a variable, "OK"
B) "Generalize", "Percentage", select a variable, "OK"
C) "Inference", "Confidence Interval", "Percentage", select a variable, "OK"
D) "Inference", "Percentage", select a variable, "OK"
E) "Generalize", "Confidence Interval", "Percentage", select a variable, "OK"

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Values computed with sample data are referred to as:

A) Greek parameters.
B) Roman parameters.
C) Statistics.
D) sample findings.
E) sample parameters.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The proper command sequence in XL Data Analyst to generate a confidence interval for a mean is:

A) "Confidence Interval", "Average", select a variable, "OK"
B) "Generalize", "Mean", select a variable, "OK"
C) "Inference", "Confidence Interval", "Average", select a variable, "OK"
D) "Inference", "Mean", select a variable, "OK"
E) "Generalize", "Confidence Interval", "Average", select a variable, "OK"

Question 5

___________ is the process of using sample information to compute an interval that describes the range of a parameter such as a population mean or the population percentage.

A) Sample estimation
B) Hypothesis testing
C) Parameter estimation
D) Confidence analysis
E) Regression analysis

Question 6

In order to estimate a population percentage, all that is needed is the:

A) standard error and level of confidence.
B) sample percentage and sample size.
C) sample percentage and level of confidence.
D) sample mean and same size.
E) same mean and level of confidence.

Question 7

Which of the following refers to a set of procedures in which the sample size and sample statistics are used to make estimates of population parameters?

A) probability sampling
B) inference
C) generalization
D) estimation
E) population logic

Question 8

Statisticians make estimates of population parameters that may be either:

A) means or percentages.
B) dollars or cents.
C) positive or negative.
D) qualitative or quantitative.
E) subjective or objective.

Question 9

Two types of statistical inference presented in Chapter 11 of your textbook are:

A) parameter estimates and regression analysis.
B) hypothesis tests and regression analysis.
C) parameter estimates and hypothesis tests.
D) sample finding and parameter estimates.
E) sample finding and hypothesis testing.

Question 10

When computing standard error, if the sample size increases, then the standard error:

A) decreases.
B) increases.
C) remains the same.
D) becomes null.
E) is not affected because sample size has nothing to do with standard error.

Question 11

Ping Golf, Inc. conducts a study in which they use a probability sample of 600 golfers. They examine the data from the sample and calculate that 28 percent of them own Ping golf clubs. The 28 percent is:

A) the average.
B) the sample finding.
C) the mean.
D) the population parameter.
E) the confidence interval.

Question 12

All other variables held constant, a 95 percent confidence interval will give us a(n) ________ range versus a 99 percent confidence interval.

A) wider
B) narrower
C) more detailed
D) more encompassing
E) identical

Question 13

If a researcher wishes to have a 95 percent confidence interval, then a standard error value of _________ is entered into the formula.

A) 95
B) 1.0
C) 1.96
D) 2.58
E) 0.05

Question 14

A 99 percent confidence interval allows us to say that if we took many, many samples from the population:

A) all of the samples would contain a range that included the population parameter.
B) 99 percent of the samples would contain a range that included the population parameter.
C) 99 percent of the samples would allow us to estimate the mean within + 1 percent.
D) 1 percent of the samples would contain a range that included the population parameter.
E) 1 percent of the samples would allow us to estimate the mean with + 1 percent.

Question 15

Values that are computed from a complete census, using all members of the population, and are considered precise, valid, true measures of the population are called:

A) Greek parameters.
B) Roman parameters.
C) statistics.
D) population facts.
E) parameters.

Question 16

Generalization is a form of logic in which a(n) ______________ about an entire group is made based on some evidence about that group.

A) example
B) probability
C) claim
D) inference
E) estimation

Question 17

If many, many samples were taken and the sample findings for all of these samples were plotted as a frequency distribution, it would approximate a bell-shaped curve called the:

A) Central Limit Theorem.
B) normal curve.
C) sampling distribution.
D) parameter distribution.
E) findings distribution.

Question 18

Roman letters, such as s, p, and x, are typically used to represent:

A) sample findings
B) Greek parameters
C) population parameters
D) Roman statistics
E) population statistics

Question 19

When computing standard error, if the variability increases, then the standard error:

A) decreases.
B) increases.
C) remains the same.
D) becomes null.
E) is not affected because variability has nothing to do with standard error.

Question 20

Which of the following refers to a measure of the variability in a population based on the variability found in the sample?

A) variance
B) standard variance
C) standard error
D) confidence error
E) standard difference

Question 21

Which of the following refers to a statistical procedure used to accept or reject some exact specification as to what the population parameter is based on sample information?

A) confidence analysis
B) acceptance testing
C) hypothesis testing
D) support analysis
E) inference testing

Question 22

Daniel Jean-Baptiste is the brand manager for Healthy-Pick Cookies, Inc. Daniel had been through the new product development process and has developed a new cookie that has very good taste and texture, yet has no calories, fat, sodium, or cholesterol. Concept tests on the product have been excellent and now Daniel is ready to test market the new cookie and has selected Vancouver, British Columbia, as his first test city. But before he starts the test market, Daniel wants to conduct a research project that will help him forecast sales, so that he can better prepare production to supply the test market. The project leads to a probability sample in which household members are randomly called and are given a thorough description of the new cookie, including the price and choices of flavours. The key question respondents are asked is how likely it is that they will actually buy the new cookie, and this is measured on a 7-point intensity continuum scale ranging from 1 being "Very Unlikely" to 7 being "Very Likely". Respondents were also asked how many boxes of cookies they would expect to buy in a month. At the end of the study, the researchers tell Daniel that 8 percent of the households contacted stated that they were "Very Likely" to buy the new cookie. In order to get an estimate of the sales potential in the test market Daniel could:

A) take 8 percent of all the households in Vancouver and multiply this times the population parameter.
B) use the 8 percent as the "best estimate" times the number of households in the market and multiply this number by the average number of boxes expected to be purchased.
C) use the 8 percent as the "best estimate" times the number of households in the market and divide this number by the average number of boxes expected to be purchased.
D) use the 8 percent as the "best estimate" times the number of households in the market and multiply this number by the average number of boxes expected to be purchased. In addition, use the upper and lower limits of a hypothesis test to calculate a pessimistic and optimistic estimate respectively.
E) use the 8 percent as the "best estimate" times the number of households in the market and multiply this number by the average number of boxes expected to be purchased. In addition, use the upper and lower limits of a confidence interval around the "best estimate" to calculate optimistic and pessimistic estimates respectively.

Question 23

A statement about the population parameter based on prior knowledge, assumptions, or intuition is called a(n):

A) hypothesis.
B) estimator.
C) alternative.
D) acceptor.
E) guess.

Question 24

In ____________ hypothesis testing, someone uses something observed to see if it agrees with or goes against the belief about that topic.

A) observation
B) descriptive
C) visual
D) subjective
E) intuitive

Question 25

Suppose we wish to test the hypothesis that an internship program allows its interns to earn $2,750 per semester and let us assume that this hypothesis is, in fact, true. Which of the following best illustrates the logic of hypothesis testing at the 95% confidence level?

A) From among 100 samples, 95 percent of them would generate means that fell within + 1.96 z scores.
B) From among 100 samples, 98 percent of them would generate means that fell within + 2.58 z scores.
C) From among 100 samples, 95 percent of them would generate means that fell within + 2.58 z scores.
D) From among 100 samples, 99 percent of them would generate means that fell within + 1.96 z scores.
E) From among 95 samples, 100 percent of them would generate means that fell within + 1.96 z scores.

Question 26

Another name for a directional hypothesis test is a(n):

A) tail-end test.
B) one-tailed test.
C) greater-than test.
D) single-sided test.
E) one-sided test.

Question 27

If we make a hypothesis and wish to be 95 percent confident in testing the hypothesis, a z score that supports the hypothesis will fall ________ of + 1.96:

A) inside
B) outside
C) near, but not inside
D) near, but not alongside
E) within some multiple

Question 28

Which of the following may be used to estimate a "best," "pessimistic," and "optimistic," value of market potential?

A) mean, median, mode
B) a confidence interval
C) hypothesis test (three)
D) the theoretical market potential estimator
E) intuitive hypothesis tests (three)

Question 29

A toy store owner hypothesizes, at the 95 percent level of confidence, that parents spend less than $100 on toys per visit to her store. A sample is taken and the hypothesis test shows a z value of -1.65. This means the sample:

A) supports the hypothesis.
B) does not support the hypothesis.
C) supports the alternative hypothesis.
D) is inaccurate and we need to take another sample.
E) is too small and we need to do more surveys.

Question 30

Regardless of whether a percentage hypothesis or an average hypothesis is being used, the interpretation of a hypothesis test is:

A) subject to debate.
B) directly linked to the sampling distribution concept.
C) difficult to justify.
D) infallible.
E) up to the client.

Question 31

Which of the following is an example of a directional hypothesis?

A) The population percentage is equal to 60%.
B) The population percentage is not equal to 60%.
C) The population mean is equal to $50.
D) The population percentage is less than 70%.
E) The population mean is equal to 100.

Question 32

The standard error of the average is _________ with more variability and _________ with large samples.

A) larger; larger
B) smaller; larger
C) larger; smaller
D) smaller; smaller
E) balanced; better

Question 33

The sample finding and hypothesized population parameter are compared because in a hypothesis test, one tests the __________ hypothesis, a formal statement that there is no difference.

A) sample
B) alternative
C) null
D) parameter
E) directional

Question 34

Laurie Fulkerson was in charge of marketing research for Jeff Rogers, a candidate for mayor. No research had been undertaken as it was very early in the campaign. The consensus was that Jeff and his opponent, Elvis Dean, were very close in voter preference. Laurie was negotiating with the research firm that was going to do a survey. She told the project director that she wanted to estimate the percentage of registered voters who would vote for each candidate if the election were to be held at the time of the survey. She also said she wanted to be very confident (99 percent) that the estimate was very accurate, that is, between + 1 percent. The project director quickly estimated that the sample size would be very large and told Laurie that she estimated the study would cost more than $50,000. Shocked at the price, Laurie asked the project director to cut the sample size down to one-fourth of what she estimated. What should the project director tell Laurie?

A) that it is impossible to do a study with a sample size this small
B) that the sample size can be cut, but it means that the confidence interval that will be calculated around the estimate will be much smaller
C) that the sample size can be cut, but it means that the confidence interval that will be calculated around the estimate will be much larger but still under the + 1 percent
D) that the sample size can be cut, but it means that the confidence interval that will be calculated around the estimate will be much larger, that is, far greater than the + 1 percent
E) that it is fine to cut the sample size for the only impact will be reducing the length of time it takes to do the study

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT used to test hypotheses?

A) sample finding
B) parameter
C) standard error of the sample finding
D) hypothesized parameter value
E) desired level of confidence

Question 36

Statisticians agree that when the sample is small, rather than the z value it is more proper to use the:

A) sample findings alone.
B) multiple samples together.
C) s value.
D) hypothesized z value.
E) t value.

Question 37

The crux of hypothesis testing is the:

A) Central Limit Theorem.
B) sampling-distribution concept.
C) acceptance region.
D) rejection regions.
E) z value.

Question 38

A toy store owner hypothesizes that parents spend less than $100 on toys per visit to her store. This is a(n):

A) hypothesis.
B) directional hypothesis.
C) negative hypothesis.
D) positive hypothesis.
E) alternative hypothesis.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT one of the four (4) ingredients for hypothesis testing?

A) the sample statistic
B) the standard error
C) the hypothesized population parameter
D) the decision to "support" or "not support" the hypothesized parameter based on a few calculations
E) the z value

Question 40

In hypothesis testing, given the standard error of the percentage (or mean) remains constant, the closer the hypothesized value is to the sample statistic:

A) the smaller the z.
B) the larger the z.
C) the more likely the z is to approach 100.
D) the z nears 0.
E) the z nears 2.58.

Question 41

In parameter estimation, a value such as the population mean is estimated based on a sample's mean and its size.

Question 42

The z value associated with a 95 percent confidence interval is either a + 1.96.

Question 43

With a larger sample size, the range used to estimate the true population value is also larger.

Question 44

Two types of statistical inference are parameter estimates and hypothesis tests.

Question 45

When the sample size is the same and variability is the same, a 99 percent confidence interval will be narrower than a 95 percent confidence interval.

Question 46

Inference is a form of logic in which you make a generalization about a small set of members of a group based upon complete knowledge about that entire group.

Question 47

The standard error will increase if sample size is increased.

Question 48

Generalization procedures are direct linkages between probability sample design and data analysis.

Question 49

To estimate a population parameter, you need to know the sample finding, which is a percentage derived from sample data of a metric question.

Question 50

The z value associated with a 99 percent confidence interval is either a + 2.58.

Question 51

The standard error will increase if the variation is increased.

Question 52

If you were investigating the average number of golf balls purchased by golfers in a month, your sample statistic would be a mean.

Question 53

The most commonly used level of confidence in marketing research is the 95% level, corresponding to 1.96 standard errors.

Question 54

Greek letters are used for sample findings and Roman letters are used for parameters.

Question 55

XL Data Analyst will calculate the confidence interval for a percentage with a 99% confidence level.

Question 56

An important sample value used in making estimates about population parameters is sample size.

Question 57

With a probability sample there is always some sample error. Therefore, for example, it is more correct to say that there is "about 33% dissatisfaction in a population", versus that "33% of the population is dissatisfied" when reporting the sample finding to a client.

Question 58

When following the five (5) steps to calculate the confidence interval estimate of a population percentage, the only thing that differs between the 95% confidence interval computations and the 99% confidence interval computations is the z value.

Question 59

If you were investigating the percentage of high school students who eat at the local Subway, the percentage, because it is derived from the sample, is the sample finding.

Question 60

There are five steps involved in computing confidence intervals for a mean or a percentage. One of those steps is to determine the sample finding.

Question 61

The standard error of the average is determined by dividing the standard deviation from the same sample that yielded the average by the square root of the sample size.

Question 62

With a hypothesis test, if the z value falls outside the acceptance region than we say there is no support for alternative hypothesis.

Question 63

A practical use of confidence intervals is that they may be used to forecast best, pessimistic, and optimistic market-potential estimates..

Question 64

Forming a directional hypothesis means that we are still seeking a direction for the hypothesis.

Question 65

The standard error is a measure of the variability in a sample based on the variability found in the population.

Question 66

Intuitive testing is another name for hypothesis testing.

Question 67

Market potential can be determined by multiplying the population base by the percent willing to buy by the amount they are winning to spend.

Question 68

The z value is agreed by statisticians to be more proper than the t value when the sample is large.

Question 69

Sample information is invariably more accurate than a hypothesis.

Question 70

When a statement about the population parameter is made based on prior knowledge, assumptions, or intuition, this is a hypothesis.

Question 71

When estimating a population parameter for a categorical question we need to first calculate the sample mean.

Question 72

You test a directional hypothesis that consumers spend less than $12 a person to go to the movies. Your z value turns out to be -1.75 at a 95% confidence interval. Your data supports your hypothesis.

Question 73

The standard error is a measure of the variability in the sampling distribution based on what is believed would occur if a multitude of independent samples were taken from the same population.

Question 74

Directional hypotheses contain statements of "greater than" or "less than."

Question 75

The logic of hypothesis testing is that if we assume that the hypothesized value is the population parameter, then, at the 95 percent level of confidence, if we took 100 separate samples, the z value for 95 of those samples would fall between + 1.96.

Question 76

Hypothesis testing is a statistical procedure used to accept or reject the hypothesis, based on sample information.

Question 77

The null hypothesis refers to doing just about anything to make a decision other than hypothesis testing.

Question 78

The critical z value for a directional hypothesis test is adjusted downward to 1.46 from 1.96 for the 95% confidence level.

Question 79

If we are testing a hypothesis that a sample mean does not differ from a hypothesized value at the 95 percent level of confidence, and we arrive at a z value of 1.99, we would fail to support the hypothesis.

Question 80

With all hypothesis tests, the sample is the only source of current information about the population.