Deck 13: Relationships Between Variables

Question 1

What contains the raw counts and totals pertaining to all of the relevant Boolean relationships for the two categorical variables being analyzed?

A) raw data table
B) stacked-bar table
C) cross-tabulation table
D) expected frequencies table
E) distribution table

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which type of relationship is described by the formula: y = a + bx?

A) causal relationship
B) linear relationship
C) Boolean relationship
D) algebraic relationship
E) curvilinear relationship

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The chi-square test is useful for determining:

A) whether a significant relationship exists between two categorical variables.
B) whether a significant relationship exists between two metric variables.
C) whether a insignificant relationship exists between two metric variables.
D) whether an observed relationship exists between two categorical variables.
E) whether a significant relationship exists between two or more categorical variables.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

You do not have a relationship that links the labels or levels for two variables unless the relationship is:

A) causal and consistent.
B) consistent and systematic.
C) systematic and causal.
D) systematic and important.
E) consistent and important.

Question 5

A Boolean relationship is one in which the presence of one variable's label is systematically related to the:

A) nonpresence of a regressive relationship.
B) presence of another variable's label.
C) presence or amount of the same variable.
D) covariance of the other variable.
E) presence of unobservable variables.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a number that can be found in each cross-classification table cell?

A) frequency
B) raw percentage
C) column percentage
D) overall percentage
E) row percentage

Question 7

A Boolean relationship was uncovered showing that McDonald's customers drink coffee for breakfast and soft drinks at lunch. How might the results have been presented to McDonald's?

A) pie chart
B) stacked bar chart
C) bar chart
D) pie chart or stacked bar chart
E) pie chart or bar chart

Question 8

When the calculated chi-square value exceeds the critical chi-square table value:

A) a significant relationship does not exist between the two variables under analysis.
B) there is a significant relationship between the three or more variables under analysis.
C) the degrees of freedom were not taken into account.
D) there is a positive directional relationship between the two variables under analysis.
E) there is a significant relationship between the two variables under analysis.

Question 9

A cross-tabulation table is sometimes referred to as a:

A) tabular table
B) display table
C) frequency table
D) cross-reference table
E) values table

Question 10

In chi-square analysis, the greater the number of cells, the larger the degrees of freedom. The greater the number of cells, the more opportunity exists to calculate a large chi-square value. In other words, the chi-square value can be "inflated" not due to a real association but simply due to the fact that there are more cells in the analysis. This is why degrees of freedom are used to:

A) determine how many cells you should analyze.
B) determine whether or not the computed chi-square value should be used for a post hoc test.
C) determine whether or not the chi-square value has a probability high enough to support, or not support, the null hypothesis.
D) lower the chi-square value in terms of its level of importance.
E) calculate expected values.

Question 11

A consistent and systematic linkage between the levels or labels for two variables is called a(n):

A) Boolean.
B) relationship.
C) practically significant.
D) important.
E) relevant.

Question 12

The statistical procedures that determine whether stable patterns exist between two or more variables is termed:

A) relationship analysis
B) predictive analysis
C) pattern analysis
D) analysis of variance
E) stabilization analysis

Question 13

When the XL Data Analyst finds a significant cross-tabulation relationship, it will:

A) provide the column percents table or the row percents table; depending on the relationship.
B) prompt the user to see if they would like to request visual representation in the form of column or row tables. column percent or row percent tables.
C) prompt the user to see if they would like to request visual representation in the form of
D) provide a statement that the null hypothesis is supported.
E) provide the column percents table and the row percents table; these are valuable in revealing underlying relationships.

Question 14

The intersection of a row and column in a cross-tabulation table is called a:

A) cross-tabulation cell.
B) Boolean box.
C) chi-square.
D) cross-cell interaction.
E) stacked box.

Question 15

What is the name of the analysis that determines whether the two categorical variables in a cross-tabulation table have a significant relationship?

A) cross-tabulation testing
B) observed-expected testing
C) degrees of freedom analysis
D) chi-square analysis
E) covariation

Question 16

When a scale has "labels" as opposed to "levels," we can normally assume the level of measurement is:

A) categorical
B) ratio
C) interval or ordinal
D) interval or ratio
E) metric

Question 17

In order to run a chi-square test using XL Data Analyst, the proper command sequence is:

A) "chi-square," select a column variable, select a row variable, and "OK"
B) "chi-square," select a column variable, select a row variable, enter degrees of freedom, and "OK"
C) "Relate," "Crosstabs," select a column variab
D) "Relate,""Crosstabs," select a column variable, select a row variable, and "OK"
E) "crosstabs," "chi-square," select two variables, and "OK"le, select a row variable, enter degrees of freedom, and "OK"

Question 18

A stacked bar chart provides a way of visualizing Boolean relationships and should be used only if:

A) the relationship is practically significant.
B) if the regression analysis proves statistical significance exists.
C) the relationship is statistically significant.
D) there are more than two categorical variables.
E) when the pie chart option is too cumbersome.

Question 19

The logic of the chi-square test would argue that, for a significant relationship to exist:

A) there should be large differences between the observed and expected frequencies.
B) there should be small differences between the observed and expected frequencies.
C) there should be no differences between the observed and expected frequencies.
D) there should be strong similarities between the observed and expected frequencies.
E) there should be only one difference between the observed and expected frequencies.

Question 20

What analytical technique assesses the statistical significance of Boolean relationships?

A) chi-square
B) linear regression
C) cross-tabulation analysis
D) degrees of freedom
E) covariation

Question 21

The plots on the scatter diagram will be spread uniformly and in accordance with the normal curve assumptions over the regression line. This is:

A) based on residuals analysis.
B) according to the Central Limit Theorem.
C) one of the assumptions of regression analysis.
D) due to confidence interval analysis.
E) a hypothesis.

Question 22

What criterion is used to establish the best "fit" of a straight line through the points on a scatter diagram?

A) the plum line criterion
B) the least squares criterion
C) the bearing line criterion
D) the b slope criterion
E) the right angle criterion

Question 23

A correlation coefficient is an index number falling between the range of:

A) 0 and +1.0
B) 0 and +100
C) -1.0 and +1.0
D) -1.0 and 0
E) -100 and 0

Question 24

If we were to graph two variables, let's say, height (in centimetres) and GPA, and the graph showed points scattered about in a formless shape, we could say there is:

A) likely no significant relationship between height and GPA.
B) likely a positive relationship between height and GPA.
C) likely a negative relationship between height and GPA.
D) a need to re-graph the data.
E) likely a curvilinear relationship between height and GPA.

Question 25

In bivariate regression analysis, the dependent variable is one that is:

A) used to predict the independent variable, and it is the x in the regression formula.
B) used to predict the independent variable, and it is the y in the regression formula.
C) predicted, and it is usually termed x in the regression formula.
D) predicted, and it is usually termed y in the regression formula.
E) predicted, and it is termed b in the regression formula.

Question 26

_____________ analysis determines the best slope and the best intercept possible for the straight-line relationship between the independent and dependent variables for the data set that is being used in the analysis.

A) Chi-square
B) Residual
C) t test
D) Covariate
E) Regression

Question 27

In the formula for a straight line, the slope is defined as:

A) the change in y for any 1-unit change in x.
B) where the line cuts the y axis when x = 0.
C) the variable used to predict the dependent variable.
D) the dependent variable.
E) the predicted variable.

Question 28

Tests for significance of the computed intercept and computed slope are required in order to be able to predict the value of the dependent variable based on some value of the independent variable. The test used for this is the:

A) Chi-square.
B) Analysis of residuals.
C) t test.
D) f test.
E) z test.

Question 29

Which of the following residuals shows an exact prediction?

A) 0
B) +1.0
C) -25
D) +25
E) 100.0

Question 30

The Pearson Product Moment correlation measures the linear relationship between two:

A) categoric variables.
B) a categoric variable and a metric variable.
C) metric-scaled variables.
D) or more metric-scaled variables.
E) categoric or metric variables.

Question 31

Let's assume we find in a study that the correlation coefficient between number of years of education and cigarette smoking is -0.89. This means that as education level increases:

A) smoking tends to increase.
B) smoking tends to decrease.
C) smoking changes 89 percent.
D) smoking is nonexistent.
E) only 89 out of every 100 people in the study would not smoke.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a caveat of correlation?

A) It's use is limited to metric variables (interval or ratio scaled).
B) It examines the relationship between only two variables.
C) Do not assume cause and effect.
D) It is limited to linear relationships.
E) It is limited to Boolean relationships.

Question 33

Covariation:

A) indicates the degree of "freedom" between two variables.
B) predicts the absolute size of the correlation coefficient.
C) is useless without a correlation coefficient.
D) is the amount of change in one variable systematically associated with a change in another variable.
E) is illustrated by a bar chart.

Question 34

In bivariate regression analysis, the independent variable is one that is:

A) used to predict the dependent variable, and it is the x in the regression formula.
B) used to predict the dependent variable, and it is the y in the regression formula.
C) predicted, and it is the x in the regression formula.
D) predicted, and it is the y in the regression formula.
E) used to predict the dependent variable, and it is the b in the regression formula.

Question 35

In the straight-line formula y = a + bx, "a" represents the ___________ and "b" represents the ___________ .

A) slope; intercept
B) independent variable; dependent variable
C) y-axis; x-axis
D) angle; intercept
E) intercept; slope

Question 36

Which of the following correlation coefficients would indicate a "moderate" association?

A) +0.85
B) -0.85
C) -0.75
D) +0.35
E) +0.60

Question 37

You are an officer in your college's Student Marketing Association. You are looking for ways to ensure that members will join again the following year. Students tend to join for one semester or one year and then drop out. You decide to take a simple random sample of this year's members and give them a survey. One of the questions asks: "Will you join the SMA next semester?" Yes, No, Don't Know. Another question asks respondents to "check all the following that they feel provides them with 'value' by virtue of being in the SMA:" free food at meetings, getting to socialize in a relaxed setting with fellow classmates, learning about businesses through the guest speaker program, getting job search information through the organization's "Career Search" program, and getting to know your professors on a more personal basis. You want to know which one(s) of these are related to whether or not students will join the SMA in the next semester. What analysis should you run?

A) pearson product moment correlation analysis
B) independent samples t tests
C) cross-tabulation
D) cross-tabulation with chi-square tests
E) paired samples tabulation analysis

Question 38

In the formula for a straight line, the intercept is known as:

A) the dependent variable.
B) the variable used to predict the dependent variable.
C) the change in y for any unit change in x.
D) the point where the line cuts the y axis when x = 0.
E) "b".

Question 39

Bivariate regression analysis is defined as a predictive analysis technique in which:

A) a pattern is identified over time and projected into the future.
B) a relationship that exists across time is observed to make a prediction.
C) one variable is used to predict the level of another by use of the straight-line formula.
D) one variable is used to predict the level of another by use of a scatter diagram.
E) a relationship that exists at one point in time is observed to make a prediction.

Question 40

Perhaps the most intuitive relationship between two metric variables is a(n):

A) curvilinear relationship.
B) linear relationship.
C) quadratic relationship.
D) multivariate relationship.
E) categorical relationship.

Question 41

What are the three uses of multiple regression analysis?

A) determination, prediction, and evaluation
B) determination, evaluation, and screening
C) prediction, understanding, and screening
D) prediction, clarification, and evaluation
E) summarizing, predicting, and evaluating

Question 42

Coffee orders at a restaurant are present at breakfast and soft drink orders are present at lunch. This is an example of a Boolean relationship.

Question 43

When the descriptors on a scale measure labels the scale is categorical.

Question 44

Which of the following term reflects the inclusion of each independent variable by b_ix_i to preserve the straight-line assumptions of multiple regression analysis?

A) independence assumption
B) multicollinearity
C) additivity requirement
D) regression plane
E) uncorrelation

Question 45

A standardized beta coefficient is defined as:

A) the result of adding the difference between each independent variable value and its mean and the standard deviation of that independent variable.
B) the result of multiplying the difference between each independent variable value and its mean by the standard deviation of that independent variable.
C) the result of dividing the standard deviation of an independent variable by the difference between that independent variable value and its mean.
D) the result of dividing the difference between each independent variable value and its mean by the standard deviation of that independent variable.
E) the result of subtracting the difference between each independent variable value and its mean by the standard deviation of that independent variable.

Question 46

When using regression analysis, confidence intervals may be used to:

A) determine the x and y variables.
B) allow the researcher to use the knowledge of the normal curve to specify the range in which the dependent variable may fall.
C) allow the researcher to use the knowledge of the normal curve to specify the range in which the independent variable may fall.
D) determine the slope.
E) satisfy assumptions.

Question 47

Which of the following in multiple regression is a handy measure of the strength of the overall relationship?

A) Adjusted R
B) Multiple R
C) multicollinearity
D) VIF
E) Adjusted B

Question 48

The key to establishing a Boolean relationship between two variables is determining if one is present (or absent) when the other is present (or absent).

Question 49

A relationship is a consistent and systematic linkage between the labels of two variables.

Question 50

While the scaling assumptions of multiple regression require that both the independent and dependent variables be at least interval scaled, we may use categorical independent variables by using:

A) ratio scaled variables.
B) standardized beta coefficients.
C) dummy variables.
D) temporary variables.
E) semi-ratio variables.

Question 51

A form of regression analysis where more than one independent variable is used in the regression equation is known as:

A) regression planes.
B) additivity.
C) multiple regression analysis.
D) Multi-NOVA.
E) MANOVA.

Question 52

Significant association relationships are always causal.

Question 53

The advertising director in your firm announced her resignation this morning to take another job, and she is leaving this afternoon. Your boss has asked you to take charge of advertising. Unfortunately, you learn the former director was just beginning planning for an upcoming promotion of one of the company's new products. Your immediate decision is to determine a brand name for the product. As the former director leaves, she stops by to drop off some marketing research reports she had just received, which includes several tests on brand names that were proposed for the new brand. The research company tested 30 potential brand names. For each brand name, they collected data on a number of variables such as "intention to purchase" and "attitude toward the brand name." All these variables were collected using 5-point intensity continuum scales. Thus, all the variables possess an interval level of measurement. Just focusing on the two variables mentioned ("intention to purchase" and "attitude toward the brand name"), what type of analysis would you conduct to help you make the decision?

A) Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis
B) Independent Samples t tests
C) Cross-tabulation
D) Cross-tabulation with chi-square tests
E) Paired samples tabulation analysis

Question 54

When the descriptors on a scale measure levels scale is metric.

Question 55

A measure of the accuracy of the predictions of the regression equation is referred to as:

A) standard error of the mean.
B) standard deviation.
C) residuals deviation.
D) standard error of the estimate.
E) regression deviation.

Question 56

When a marketing researcher is faced with a large number and variety of prospective independent variables, multiple regression analysis can be used as a way of spotting the salient independent variables for the dependent variable at hand. What application of multiple regression analysis is this?

A) predicting
B) screening
C) understanding
D) evaluating
E) summarizing

Question 57

A multiple regression equation is best described by which of the following forms?

A) The independent variable is predicted by the intercept plus a series of values of the slope times each dependent variable.
B) The independent variable is predicted by the slope plus a series of values of the intercept times each dependent variable.
C) The dependent variable is predicted by the intercept plus a series of values of the slope times each independent variable.
D) The dependent variable to be predicted is equal to the intercept plus a series of values of the slope times each independent variable.
E) y = a + bx

Question 58

In bivariate regression analysis, the higher the R-square value, the:

A) lower the predictive power of the analysis.
B) stronger the linear relationship.
C) the worse the straight line's fit to the scatter points.
D) less precise the prediction will be of the dependent variable.
E) the more precise the prediction will be of the independent variable.

Question 59

When you find "mixed" results in multiple regression (i.e., some betas are significant, others are not), you:

A) eliminate, or "trim," the insignificant variables.
B) adjust the insignificant variables by applying a standardized weight.
C) accept the null hypothesis.
D) choose the result that fits your hypothesis.
E) add other variables and run the test again.

Question 60

That a scatter diagram plot will be spread uniformly and in accord with the normal curve assumptions over the regression line is:

A) one of the assumptions of regression analysis
B) one of the assumptions of time series analysis
C) the only assumption of exponential smoothing
D) the only assumption of scatter diagram plots
E) an understood fact

Question 61

Cross-tabulation tables allow us to look at two variables simultaneously and are arranged in a row and column format.

Question 62

A correlation coefficient is an index number constrained to fall between the range of -1.0 and +1.0 that communicates both the strength and the direction of association between three or more variables.

Question 63

Chi-square analysis always begins with the assumption that no association exists between the two categorical variables under analysis.

Question 64

In chi-square, the null hypothesis states that there is no association. When the calculated chi-square value exceeds the critical chi-square table value, the null hypothesis is not supported.

Question 65

When it comes to determining the statistical significance of the correlation coefficient, there are rules of thumb. For example, 0.81 to 1.00 is considered to be "strong."

Question 66

To use a correlation, you must first establish that it is statistically significant from one.

Question 67

We would use cross-tabulation if we wanted to visualize the Boolean relationship between two metric-scaled variables.

Question 68

Correlation analysis has the great advantage of relating two variables that are of very different measurements.

Question 69

It is more difficult for a chi-square value with high degrees of freedom (i.e., there are more cells) to achieve "significance" than for a chi-square value with fewer degrees of freedom (i.e., there are fewer cells).

Question 70

The degrees of freedom in chi-square are calculated by multiplying the number of rows minus one, times the number of columns minus one.

Question 71

To run chi-square analysis in XL Data Analyst, you should go to the "Relate," then "Crosstabs," select the column variable and the categorical variable(s), then "OK."

Question 72

Row cell percentage is calculated by dividing a cell frequency by the cell row total.

Question 73

The chi-square analysis would be appropriate to determine if there is an association between the number of dollars spent on books and the number of years of education.

Question 74

Generally speaking, the chi-square value is calculated by dividing the sum of the squared differences between observed and expected frequencies by the expected frequencies.

Question 75

There is no connection between scatter diagrams and correlation coefficients.

Question 76

Covariation is defined as the amount of change in one variable systematically associated with a change in another variable.

Question 77

When we present findings on cross-tabulations with chi-square analysis, graphical presentations such as bar or stacked bar charts are often useful.

Question 78

With the information used to construct a cross-tabulation table, a column percentages table can also be constructed, but a row percentages table cannot.

Question 79

If we determine a precise linear relationship between two variables, then by knowing the value of one variable we should be able to predict the other variable.

Question 80

If you plotted data between two variables and the points all fell precisely in a straight line that was sloping upward to the right, your correlation coefficient would be equal to +1.0.