Deck 1: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems

Question 1

Which of the following lung architecture characteristics creates an increased susceptibility for aspiration in the lung?

A)A left mainstem angle of 40 to 60 degrees from the trachea
B)A right mainstem angle of 25 degrees from the trachea
C)A length of 2 inches from the trachea to the lung
D)A length of 1 inch from the trachea to the lung

Answer 1

B
The 25-degree angle of the right mainstem from the trachea predisposes foreign objects,food,and fluids to enter the right lung.Thus aspiration is relatively more common in the right lung as compared to the left lung.

Question 2

Irritation of the phrenic nerve supplied pleura results in which of the following pain referral patterns?

A)Thoracic wall
B)Abdominal wall
C)Mediasternal region
D)Lower neck and shoulder

Answer 2

D
Irritation of the phrenic nerve supplied pleura can result in referred pain in the lower neck and shoulder,whereas,irritation of the intercostally innervated pleura may result in referral of pain to the thoracic or abdominal wall.

Question 3

Which of the following functions does the myocardium layer of the heart serve?

A)Forms a continuous lining with the tissue of the valves.
B)Minimizes friction during cardiac contraction.
C)Provides a tough fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue.
D)Facilitates the pumping action of the heart.

Answer 3

D
The middle layer of the heart of myocardium facilitates the pumping action of the heart due to the presence of contractile elements.Myocardial cells are housed in this layer and are categorized as mechanical cells for conduction and conductive cells for electrical conduction.

Question 4

Which of the following positions facilitates greater excursion of both hemidiaphragms at rest?

A)Supine position
B)Side-lying position
C)Standing position
D)Sitting position

Question 5

The atrial kick created by the contractile ability of the pectinate muscles in the atria account for what percent of the cardiac output?

A)15% to 20%
B)5% to 10%
C)25%
D)Less than 5%

Question 6

Smoking specifically diminishes the function of which type of cells in the bronchial epithelium?

A)Goblet cells
B)Ciliated cells
C)Mucous cells
D)Serous cells

Question 7

The presence of four segments (anterior basal,superior basal,lateral basal,and posterior basal)BEST describes which of the following lobes?

A)Right upper lobe
B)Left upper lobe
C)Right middle lobe
D)Right lower lobe

Question 8

The BEST reason why a physical therapist should acquire an understanding of the various lobes and segments and their anatomical orientation is which of the following?

A)Provide tactile feedback for segmental breathing.
B)Placement of a stethoscope for auscultation.
C)Perform appropriate positioning during pulmonary hygiene.
D)Educate patients on best positioning during coughing.

Question 9

Which of the following muscles help to achieve the active process of inspiration at rest in a normal,nonsmoking individual?

A)Sternocleidomastoid
B)Diaphragm
C)Abdominal muscles
D)Trapezius

Question 10

Which of the following accessory muscles of ventilation function to elevate and fix the first and second ribs?

A)Sternocleidomastoid muscle
B)Serratus anterior
C)Latissimus dorsi
D)Scalene muscle

Question 11

An abnormal pleural friction rub on auscultation BEST indicates which of the following?

A)Infection with a resultant inflammatory response within the pleura
B)A buildup of fluid in the pleural space following cardiothoracic surgery
C)The presence of blood in the pleural space
D)A bacterial infection with resultant pus in the pleural space

Question 12

The true ribs are BEST defined by which of the following statements?

A)Vertebrochondral ribs
B)Vertebrosternal ribs
C)Ribs 11 and 12
D)Ribs 8,9,and 10

Question 13

Pectus excavatum is BEST described as:

A)deformity of the sternum caused by trauma.
B)caved-in appearance of the chest.
C)diminished rib angle anteriorly.
D)conical shape of the thoracic cage.

Question 14

The serous fluid within the pleural space serves to provide which of the following functions?

A)Create a constant negative pressure.
B)Assist with venous return of blood to the heart.
C)Reduce friction between the lungs and thoracic wall.
D)Serve to allow separation of the pleural layers.

Question 15

During the administration of suctioning procedures,which of the following may cause an adverse response in the patient?

A)An elicited parasympathetic response
B)The catheter is inserted to the carina level
C)A cough is stimulated
D)The use of a nasal trumpet during suctioning

Question 16

When the arms and shoulders are fixed,by leaning on the elbows or grasping onto a table,this muscle can use its insertion as its origin and facilitate an increase in the A-P diameter of the thorax.

A)Upper trapezius
B)Pectoralis major
C)Sternocleidomastoid
D)Serratus anterior

Question 17

Which of the following interventions is MOST appropriate for a patient with lower rib fractures?

A)Short,shallow breaths
B)Pursed lip breathing
C)Deep breaths with splinting
D)Breathing with arms raised

Question 18

The physical therapist performs auscultation of the lateral portion of right middle lobe.Which of the following stethoscope locations BEST identifies this lung segment?

A)Adjacent to the fifth rib lateral right chest wall
B)Adjacent to third to fifth rib posterior right chest wall
C)Adjacent to the fourth rib lateral right chest wall
D)Adjacent to the eighth thoracic vertebra lateral chest wall

Question 19

Which of the following chest wall structures is located level with the second costal cartilage anteriorly and thoracic vertebra T4 and T5 posteriorly?

A)Sternal angle
B)Jugular notch
C)Xiphoid process
D)Third costal cartilage

Question 20

Which of the following upper respiratory structures provide humidification?

A)Nasopharynx
B)Pharynx
C)Larynx
D)Nasal cavity

Question 21

The right upper lobe bronchus divides into which of the following?

A)Lateral and medial segment
B)Superior segment to the upper portion
C)Apical,posterior,and anterior segments
D)Lower lobe bronchus to the medial basal segment

Question 22

Which of the following BEST describes the vagus nerve function in the heart?

A)Creates the impulses that pace the heart.
B)Creates an inhibitory effect decreasing the heart rate.
C)Stimulates the release of catecholamines.
D)Provides an excitatory effect on the heart for fight or flight.

Question 23

Which of the following anatomical landmarks coincides with the apex of the heart?

A)Left side at the third intercostal space
B)Left fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line
C)Second intercostal space
D)Right fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line

Question 24

Which of the following veins empties into the left atrium?

A)Superior vena cava
B)Inferior vena cava
C)Pulmonary vein
D)Coronary sinus vein

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true when describing characteristics of veins?

A)Veins have thin walls and small diameters.
B)Veins contain valves with bidirectional flow.
C)Venous elasticity promotes recoil of the wall.
D)Muscle pump activity has a milking effect on veins.

Question 26

Which of the following cells are involved in the production of surfactant?

A)Granular pneumocytes
B)Squamous pneumocytes
C)Endothelial cells
D)Serous cells

Question 27

Occlusion of the circumflex artery MOST likely causes an infarction in which of the following regions within the heart?

A)SA node in the right atrium
B)Lateral aspect of the left ventricle
C)Anterior aspect of the left ventricle
D)Inferior portion of the left ventricle

Question 28

Which of the following factors affecting the diaphragm MOST likely will cause an automatic firing of the accessory muscles to trigger inspiration?

A)Stomach fullness
B)Flat and rigid diaphragm
C)Obesity with the presence of pannus
D)Ascites due to liver disease

Question 29

The point at which the nerves,vessels,and primary bronchi penetrate the parenchyma of each lung is termed the:

A)root.
B)fissure.
C)hilus.
D)segment.

Question 30

Regurgitation or insufficiency of the mitral valve causes blood to accumulate in which of the following heart chambers?

A)Right ventricle
B)Left ventricle
C)Right atrium
D)Left atrium