Question 1

Which of the following lung architecture characteristics creates an increased susceptibility for aspiration in the lung?

Accepted Answer

The 25-degree angle of the right mainstem from the trachea predisposes foreign objects,food,and fluids to enter the right lung.Thus aspiration is relatively more common in the right lung as compared to the left lung.

Question 2

Irritation of the phrenic nerve supplied pleura results in which of the following pain referral patterns?

Accepted Answer

Irritation of the phrenic nerve supplied pleura can result in referred pain in the lower neck and shoulder,whereas,irritation of the intercostally innervated pleura may result in referral of pain to the thoracic or abdominal wall.

Question 3

Which of the following functions does the myocardium layer of the heart serve?

Accepted Answer

The middle layer of the heart of myocardium facilitates the pumping action of the heart due to the presence of contractile elements.Myocardial cells are housed in this layer and are categorized as mechanical cells for conduction and conductive cells for electrical conduction.

Question 4

Which of the following positions facilitates greater excursion of both hemidiaphragms at rest?

Accepted Answer

In the supine position,without the effects of gravity,the level of the diaphragm in the thoracic cavity rises.This allows for a relatively greater excursion.

Question 5

The atrial kick created by the contractile ability of the pectinate muscles in the atria account for what percent of the cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

The effective contraction of the pectinate muscles of the atria accounts for approximately 15% to 20% of cardiac output-the atrial kick.

Question 6

Smoking specifically diminishes the function of which type of cells in the bronchial epithelium?

Accepted Answer

Smoking paralyzes ciliated epithelial cells.These cilia will be paralyzed for 1 to 3 hours after smoking a cigarette,or in chronic smokers will be permanently paralyzed.

Question 7

The presence of four segments (anterior basal,superior basal,lateral basal,and posterior basal)BEST describes which of the following lobes?

Accepted Answer

The lowermost lobe,the right lower lobe,consist of four segments (anterior basal,superior basal,lateral basal,and posterior basal).

Question 8

The BEST reason why a physical therapist should acquire an understanding of the various lobes and segments and their anatomical orientation is which of the following?

Accepted Answer

An understanding of the various lobes and segments and their anatomical orientation is important for placement of a stethoscope during auscultation,but is more essential when the therapist is using positions to facilitate removal of secretions from various aspects of the lung during bronchopulmonary hygiene intervention.

Question 9

Which of the following muscles help to achieve the active process of inspiration at rest in a normal,nonsmoking individual?

Accepted Answer

The diaphragm and internal intercostals (intercartilaginous portion)are the essential muscles to achieve the active process of inspiration at rest.Abdominal muscles assist with expiration.The sternocleidomastoid and trapezius are accessory muscles and assist with a more forceful inspiration.

Question 10

Which of the following accessory muscles of ventilation function to elevate and fix the first and second ribs?

Accepted Answer

The scalene muscles lie deep to the sternocleidomastoid,but may be palpated in the posterior triangle of the neck.These muscles function as a unit to elevate and fix the first and second ribs.The sternocleidomastoid muscle elevates the sternum.

Question 11

An abnormal pleural friction rub on auscultation BEST indicates which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Infection with a resultant inflammatory response within the pleura is termed pleuritis or pleurisy and is best appreciated through the presence of pleural chest pain and an abnormal pleural friction rub on auscultation.A buildup of fluid,blood,or air in the space would result in diminished or absent breath sounds in the area.

Question 12

The true ribs are BEST defined by which of the following statements?

Accepted Answer

The first seven ribs attach via their costal cartilages to the sternum and are called the true ribs (also known as the vertebrosternal ribs).

Question 13

Pectus excavatum is BEST described as:

Accepted Answer

Pectus excavatum is a common congenital deformity of the anterior wall of the chest,in which several ribs and the sternum grow abnormally;it produces a caved-in or sunken appearance of the chest.

Question 14

The serous fluid within the pleural space serves to provide which of the following functions?

Accepted Answer

The serous fluid within the pleural space serves to hold the pleural layers together during ventilation and reduce friction between the lungs and thoracic wall.The space creates a negative pressure to maintain lung inflation,not the fluid itself.

Question 15

During the administration of suctioning procedures,which of the following may cause an adverse response in the patient?

Accepted Answer

During suctioning procedures,the catheter is inserted to the level of the carina.When the catheter is in contact with the carina,a cough is ensued along with a strong parasympathetic response.The parasympathetic response may cause a decrease in heart rate and oxygen levels.

Question 16

When the arms and shoulders are fixed,by leaning on the elbows or grasping onto a table,this muscle can use its insertion as its origin and facilitate an increase in the A-P diameter of the thorax.

Accepted Answer

When the insertion and origin of the pectoralis muscle are reversed by leaning on a table to fix the arms,the muscle will pull on the anterior chest wall,lifting the ribs and sternum to increase the A-P diameter of the thoracic cage.

Question 17

Which of the following interventions is MOST appropriate for a patient with lower rib fractures?

Accepted Answer

It is important for all therapists to recommend breathing (deep breathing),splinting (i.e.,pillow),and coughing strategies for patients with rib fractures.

Question 18

The physical therapist performs auscultation of the lateral portion of right middle lobe.Which of the following stethoscope locations BEST identifies this lung segment?

Accepted Answer

The right middle lobe is subdivided into the lateral and medial lobes.This lobe is the smallest of the three lobes.Its inferior border is adjacent to the fifth rib laterally and sixth rib medially.

Question 19

Which of the following chest wall structures is located level with the second costal cartilage anteriorly and thoracic vertebra T4 and T5 posteriorly?

Accepted Answer

The sternal angle of the "angle of Louis" is level with the second costal cartilage anteriorly and thoracic vertebrae T4 and T5 posteriorly.

Question 20

Which of the following upper respiratory structures provide humidification?

Accepted Answer

The primary respiratory functions of the nasal cavity include air conduction,filtration,humidification,and temperature control.

Quiz 1: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems