Deck 30: Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Question 1

Which of the following would be the best strategy to prevent the spread of yellow fever and dengue fever into the southern United States?

A) mosquito avoidance and eradication
B) vaccination
C) monitoring bird populations
D) tick avoidance

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which rickettsial disease can lead to endocarditis?

A) Q fever
B) typhus
C) Rocky Mountain spotted fever
D) scrub typhus

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The rickettsias can be cultured in

A) pure culture.
B) artificial media.
C) laboratory animals.
D) pure culture, artificial media, and laboratory animals.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Very few preventative measures are taken against anthrax,because

A) the general population is not exposed to infected materials or animals regularly.
B) non-weaponized anthrax causes only a mild flu-like illness.
C) no vaccines are effective.
D) the causative agent Bacillus anthracis mutates rapidly.

Question 5

Which of the following flaviviruses can be prevented by vaccination?

A) yellow fever
B) dengue fever
C) hantavirus
D) Ebola

Question 6

Which disease(s)has/have been mistakenly diagnosed as measles or scarlet fever due to similarities in rash appearance?

A) Lyme disease
B) Q fever
C) rickettsial diseases
D) typhus

Question 7

Which of the following pathogens is spread by infected lice?

A) Borrelia burgdorferi
B) Plasmodium falciparum
C) Rickettsia prowazekii
D) Yersinia pestis

Question 8

The rickettsias are divided into groups based loosely on

A) the types of clinical disease they produce.
B) their insect vectors.
C) taxonomy.
D) their biochemical requirements.

Question 9

Animal diseases transmissible to humans are known as

A) vectors.
B) zoonoses.
C) ferals.
D) radicals.

Question 10

Which insect functions in the host-to-host transmission of typhus?

A) rat flea
B) body louse
C) dog tick
D) deer tick

Question 11

Which rickettsial disease can be transmitted by contaminated milk?

A) ehrlichiosis
B) typhus
C) Q fever
D) Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Question 12

Hantaviruses are most commonly transmitted by ________ of virus-contaminated rodent ________.

A) inhalation / saliva
B) inhalation / excreta
C) ingestion / saliva
D) ingestion / excreta

Question 13

The hantavirus contains a ________ genome.

A) ssRNA
B) dsRNA
C) ssDNA
D) dsDNA

Question 14

A student travels to Brazil by boat on the Amazon River,without visiting the doctor prior to traveling for recommended vaccinations for travel to South America.The student becomes ill during the trip and is quarantined.Which of the diseases listed below does the student most likely have?

A) hantavirus
B) yellow fever
C) Ebola
D) Q fever

Question 15

Soldiers or refuges in crowded unsanitary conditions are MOST susceptible to which rickettsial disease?

A) Lyme disease
B) typhus
C) Q fever
D) Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Question 16

Which of the following diseases CANNOT easily be controlled by vector elimination?

A) yellow fever
B) dengue fever
C) rabies
D) plague

Question 17

Animal-transmitted diseases are generally spread to accidental hosts by

A) direct contact.
B) aerosols.
C) bites.
D) direct contact, aerosols, and bites.

Question 18

If you were exposed to a sick animal that was found to have negri bodies in its nervous system in a postmortem examination,how would you be treated to prevent disease?

A) passive and active immunization against rabies
B) antibiotics to treat Lyme disease
C) antiviral medication
D) observation to detect tick or lice bites

Question 19

What type of diseases require biosafety level (BSL)4 procedures and facilities when working with samples that may be infected?

A) highly infectious diseases
B) diseases with high mortality
C) diseases for which no treatment or vaccine exist
D) highly infectious diseases with high mortality for which no treatment or vaccine exist

Question 20

Control of certain diseases is nearly impossible,because we cannot

A) control vector animals.
B) control reservoir animals.
C) eradicate organisms from the soil.
D) control vector and reservoir animals or eradicate organisms from the soil.

Question 21

Which of the following diseases causes an influenza-like illness that can progress to include pneumonia?

A) malaria
B) Q fever
C) typhus
D) Lyme disease

Question 22

Rickettsial disease detection/identification includes which of the following?

A) latex bead agglutination assays
B) ELISA
C) PCR assays
D) latex bead agglutination assays, ELISA, and PCR assays

Question 23

The causative agent of dengue fever is

A) Rickettsia prowazekii.
B) a flavivirus.
C) Borrelia burgdorferi.
D) Clostridium perfringens.

Question 24

Which of the following was an emerging mosquito-borne disease in the early 2000s but has now decreased in frequency?

A) malaria
B) Rocky Mountain spotted fever
C) typhus
D) West Nile fever

Question 25

Various Ixodes spp.,as well as various Borrelia spp.,may be involved in the transmission and cause of Lyme disease.

Question 26

Murine toxin is a ________ that plays a role in both the murine and human forms of the disease.

A) Yersinia pestis endotoxin
B) Rickettsia prowazekii endotoxin
C) Yersinia pestis exotoxin
D) Rickettsia prowazekii exotoxin

Question 27

The disease whose symptoms are most closely related to the symptoms of chronic syphilis is

A) Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
B) latent Lyme disease.
C) typhus.
D) HPS.

Question 28

Many West Nile virus infections are not properly identified because

A) the disease mimics malaria.
B) the symptoms are often subacute.
C) the disease is frequently fatal.
D) most physicians and diagnosticians are not aware of this disease.

Question 29

The causative agent of Lyme disease is ________,which is carried primarily by the ________.

A) a flavivirus / Ixodes sp. (deer tick)
B) Yersinia pestis / Xenopsylla cheopis (rat flea)
C) Rickettsia prowazekii / Culex species (mosquito)
D) Borrelia burgdorferi / Ixodes sp. (deer tick)

Question 30

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a viral respiratory disease caused by contact with

A) rat fleas.
B) rodents.
C) mosquitoes.
D) bats.

Question 31

Emerging diseases are a problem worldwide,even in highly developed regions of the world.

Question 32

The most severe and fatal form of anthrax is

A) cutaneous anthrax.
B) inhalation anthrax.
C) intestinal anthrax.
D) zoonotic anthrax.

Question 33

Controlling most rickettsial diseases involves managing

A) the vector.
B) human behavior.
C) immunization strategies.
D) food safety procedures.

Question 34

In bubonic plague,buboes are swellings formed in the lymph nodes and filled with

A) Yersinia pestis.
B) Rickettsia prowazekii.
C) Xenopsylla cheopis.
D) Clostridium tetani.

Question 35

If Lyme disease is not treated early,it can infect the central nervous system.

Question 36

Tetanus develops from a puncture wound because

A) endospores germinate in anoxic conditions.
B) the organism gains access to the circulatory system and then invades the nervous system.
C) the organism digests deep connective tissues.
D) the organism needs access to the circulatory system and deep connective tissues.

Question 37

The primary disease reservoir for plague is

A) fleas.
B) humans.
C) rats.
D) mosquitoes.

Question 38

What virulence factor(s)of Yersinia pestis prevent(s)phagocytosis by cells of the immune system?

A) the capsule
B) leukocidins
C) murine toxin
D) V and W antigens

Question 39

Hantaviruses are related to viruses such as ________ and ________.

A) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / Hepatitis C
B) Hepatitis A / Hepatitis B
C) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / Influenza A
D) West Nile virus / Ebola virus

Question 40

A person is MOST likely to contract diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever and ehrlichiosis if he or she visits/participates in

A) camping and hiking in the backcountry.
B) metropolitan cities.
C) snow skiing.
D) European countries.

Question 41

Only high-risk individuals such as scientists working with the organism,livestock workers,and military personnel are vaccinated for anthrax.

Question 42

Certain Clostridium spp.can be found in the human gut,but Clostridium tetani is almost exclusively present in soil.

Question 43

Inhalation anthrax is the only form of anthrax for which there is no effective treatment.

Question 44

A PCR assay has been developed for the detection of the bacterium (Borrelia burgdorferi)that causes Lyme disease.Unfortunately this method cannot differentiate between an active disease and a treated or inactive disease.

Question 45

Wild animals are a natural reservoir for Clostridium tetani.

Question 46

Anthrax is an emerging disease for which there is no treatment or vaccine available.

Question 47

Tetanus is highly contagious through person-to-person contact.

Question 48

Lyme disease is limited almost exclusively to the northeastern United States.

Question 49

Epizootic diseases often occur in wild animals on a periodic or cyclic basis.

Question 50

Both yellow and dengue fever can be prevented by vaccines.

Question 51

Rickettsia prowazekii is transmitted to humans when a louse bite becomes contaminated with louse feces.

Question 52

The majority of cases of human plague in the United States occur in the northeastern states.

Question 53

.Travelers should be vaccinated against yellow fever when traveling to Sub-Saharan Africa or South America.

Question 54

Erythema migrans is associated with typhus.

Question 55

Deer flies (Chrysops spp.)are a major vector in the spread of typhus.

Question 56

Rabies infection in humans leads to symptoms a few days after exposure.

Question 57

There are several different virus-specific treatments and vaccines available to treat or prevent hantavirus infections.

Question 58

Tetracycline and chloramphenicol are the drugs of choice for the treatment of many of the rickettsial diseases.

Question 59

The hantavirus diagnosis can be made from several different types of ELISAs.

Question 60

The hantaviruses are occasionally spread by person-to-person transmission,although exposure to infected rodent excretia is the most common route of infection.

Question 61

Septicemic plague usually causes death before a diagnosis can be made.

Question 62

What key features of Bacillus anthracis makes the anthrax disease impossible to eradicate?

Question 63

How is climate change causing the emergence of zoonotic and vector-borne in new human populations?

Question 64

Explain why a potentially rabid dog is held for up to two weeks to check for clinical signs of rabies.Are humans more similar or dissimilar in this regard?

Question 65

Compare and contrast dengue fever and West Nile fever.Which disease would be easier to eradicate and why?

Question 66

The Black Plague has killed millions of humans over the course of history,yet we do not vaccinate against this disease.Why is this and how is the disease controlled in modern human populations?

Question 67

The study of hantaviruses requires biosafety level (BSL)4 precautions.

Question 68

Virtually ALL cases of tetanus occur in individuals who have failed to receive tetanus toxoid booster immunizations.

Question 69

During outdoor activities,it is not uncommon to be bitten by mosquitoes several times,so how does an individual know he/she has been infected with the West Nile virus? How would an infected individual be treated for the disease?

Question 70

What is the primary cause of viral hemorrhagic fever in the United States? What is the typical cause of death for this disease?

Question 71

Where does the rabies virus reproduce? Using a specific example,explain the implication this has with the virus's incubation time and infection site.

Question 72

During a camping and hiking expedition in the Ice Age National Scenic Trail at Hartman Creek State Park (Waupaca,WI),an individual notices a small tick on his arm.After removing the partially embedded deer tick,what symptoms should this individual look for to indicate infection of Borrelia burgdorferi? Also,what should be done on future hiking trips to decrease the likelihood of B.burgdorferi infection?

Question 73

Using a specific example,explain the term "accidental host."