Deck 3: Classification and Diagnosis

Question 1

Research has categorized children's difficulties into two broad dimensions of problems: internalizing and externalizing.Internalizing problems refer to

A) yelling and destroying things.
B) sadness and withdrawn behaviour.
C) behaviour that occurs when the person is in a social setting.
D) attributing blame one's problem behaviour to oneself.

Answer 1

sadness and withdrawn behaviour.

Question 2

________ refers to the extent to which the classification system reflects reality,whereas ______ refers to the usefulness of the classification system for directing treatment.

A) Reliability, validity
B) Validity, utility
C) Reliability, utility
D) Utility, validity

Answer 2

Validity, utility

Question 3

Children diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)show persistent and maladaptive symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that are ______________________.

A) consistent with developmental level.
B) inconsistent with developmental level.
C) consistent with age, but not maturity level.
D) inconsistent with age, but not maturity level.

Answer 3

inconsistent with developmental level.

Question 4

The underlying assumption of a developmental psychopathology approach is that

A) biological and psychological systems are constantly changing.
B) human behaviour is predictable in all circumstances.
C) normative and nonnormative transitions are important considerations in understanding behaviour.
D) there is no such thing as "normal" development.

Question 5

Health care providers often diagnose patients because:

A) Insurance companies often require a diagnosis before they will reimburse the patient for services received.
B) It is unable to provide the required guidance on treatment options.
C) They cannot rely on the different diagnosis made by clinicians, researchers, and, patients when to use in discussing mental health conditions.
D) They do not want trust the diagnosis provided by the insurance companies.

Question 6

The classification approach that is based on the assumption that objects differ in the extent to which they possess certain characteristics or properties is known as the

A) diagnostic approach.
B) categorical approach.
C) qualitative approach.
D) dimensional approach.

Question 7

A prototype model implies that

A) not all people receiving the same diagnosis have exactly the same set of symptoms.
B) all people receiving the same diagnosis have the exact same set of symptoms.
C) people with the same diagnosis, but a different set of symptoms, require the same treatment for their diagnosis.
D) members of the same diagnostic category resemble each other in level of impairment and in prognosis.

Question 8

A new client reports concerns that her child frequently talks about his imaginary friend and all of the wonderful adventures they have together.A psychologist using a developmental psychopathology approach would first:

A) ask about any familial history of mental illness.
B) ask if there were birth had complications that may have contributed to developmental issues.
C) recommend that the client bring her son for a therapy session.
D) ask the son's age to determine age-appropriateness of his behaviour.

Question 9

The underlying assumption of the categorical approach to categorization is that there is an important __________difference between objects that are members of a category and those that are not.

A) quantitative
B) qualitative
C) subjective
D) objective

Question 10

Classification __________ refers to the usefulness of a classification scheme.

A) utility
B) reliability
C) validity
D) applicability

Question 11

The underlying assumption of the dimensional approach to categorization is there is an important _________ difference between objects in the extent to which they possess certain characteristics or properties.

A) quantitative
B) qualitative
C) subjective
D) objective

Question 12

Which of the following is known as 'a family of empirically derived assessment tools to measure competence and problems (internalizing and externalizing)across the lifespan?'

A) Miller's Assessment Tool Kit.
B) Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment.
C) Schwartz Assessment Battery.
D) Weisner System of Clinical Diagnosis.

Question 13

In determining whether or not behaviour is abnormal,one must consider

A) the context in which the behaviour occurs.
B) the age of the person exhibiting the behaviour.
C) the cultural heritage of the person exhibiting the behaviour.
D) all of the above.

Question 14

A psychologist who examines ways that an adult's depression symptoms interfere with the adult transitioning from living on his/her own to an assisted living facility is using a:

A) social work approach.
B) developmental psychopathology approach.
C) gerontological approach.
D) categorical approach.

Question 15

A first-time father is reporting a great deal of anxiety surrounding his new role as a parent.A psychologist using a developmental psychopathology approach would first:

A) ask about the client's past history with symptoms of mental illness.
B) utilize a dimensional approach to diagnosing anxiety.
C) investigate how much the anxiety interferes with transitioning into this new role.
D) recommend that the new father enrol in parent training to help reduce his anxiety.

Question 16

The classification approach that is based on the assumption that entities that are members of a category are qualitatively different from those that are not is known as the

A) diagnostic approach.
B) categorical approach.
C) qualitative approach.
D) dimensional approach.

Question 17

A psychologist who examines ways that a child's anxiety symptoms interfere with a child settling into a new school is using a(n):

A) developmental psychopathology approach.
B) anti-psychiatry approach.
C) ICD approach.
D) social work approach.

Question 18

The primary purpose of a diagnostic system to classify mental disorders is that it serves to

A) differentiate between categorical and dimensional approaches to classification.
B) indicate potential causes and future developments in the disorder.
C) facilitate allocation of funding for research programs and community agencies servicing specific diagnostic groups.
D) provide a framework with which to train mental health practitioners.

Question 19

Classification __________ refers to the extent to which the classification system reflects reality.

A) utility
B) reliability
C) validity
D) applicability

Question 20

Research has categorized children's difficulties into two broad dimensions of problems: internalizing and externalizing.Externalizing problems refer to

A) yelling and destroying things.
B) sadness and withdrawn behaviour.
C) behaviour that occurs when the person is in a social setting.
D) attributing blame for one's problem behaviour to others.

Question 21

Cole et.al.(2002)conducted a study to investigate the emergence of depression in children and adolescents.What were the results of the study?

A) There was a significant increase in the rate of depressive symptoms between the sixth and seventh grade.
B) Depressive symptoms developed differently across males and females.
C) The rate at which depressive symptoms occurred in children and adolescents was inconsistent over the course of their development.
D) Depressive symptoms decreased between sixth and seventh grade.

Question 22

One shortcoming of the original Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM; 1952)was that

A) the diagnostic descriptions were too vague.
B) the diagnostic descriptions were too specific.
C) it offered unethical treatment methodologies for various disorders.
D) it heavily emphasized biological and neurological aspects of mental disorders.

Question 23

An understanding of not only an individual's current difficulties,but also a consideration of the course of the problem if left untreated,is considered:

A) a developmental psychopathology approach.
B) clinical utility.
C) a syndrome.
D) a social work approach.

Question 24

Widiger defined the concept of _______ which refers to the impairment resulting from a disorder that is involuntary or not readily managed.

A) harmful dysfunction
B) dysfunctional control
C) dyscontrol
D) harmful behaviour

Question 25

The Christchurch Health and Development Study of 1,265 individuals,those who were exposed to ____________ had a 1.4 times higher rate of mental disorder than those who were not exposed.

A) poor social conditions
B) other family members with depressive symptoms
C) earthquakes
D) physical disorders

Question 26

Dhat syndrome,malady moun,and nervios are examples of

A) documented languages spoken by patients with psychotic symptoms.
B) culture-specific disorders described in one of the DSM-V appendices.
C) culture-specific disorders that remain excluded from the DSM-V.
D) Inuit rituals involving the "de-spiritification" of individuals with mental disorders.

Question 27

Wakefield (1992)described ____________ as the behaviours associated with a mental disorder that are problematic,and that these problematic behaviours are damaging to the individual or to those around him or her.

A) harmful behaviour.
B) harmful dysfunction.
C) dysfunctional behaviour.
D) dysfunctional control.

Question 28

Within the biopsychosocial model of the etiology of mental disorders,the contributions of biological,psychological,and social factors are likely to ________ from disorder to disorder,and may _________ over the course of life.

A) be comparable; remain constant
B) be comparable; change
C) vary; remain constant
D) vary; change

Question 29

Longitudinal studies can inform us about which of the following?

A) Variables that predict mental disorders.
B) Individual differences in the emergence and development of mental disorders.
C) Maintenance and course of mental disorders.
D) All of the above.

Question 30

The ICD is used:

A) far less than DSM as it is a newer system.
B) to determine prevalence rates across countries using the same criteria.
C) by practitioners who favour biological interventions.
D) predominantly in low income countries.

Question 31

Schizophrenia was not included in the World Health Organization Mental Health Survey Consortium (2004)because

A) previous research had shown that schizophrenia is strictly a North American phenomenon.
B) previous research had shown that many people diagnosed with schizophrenia would also receive a diagnosis included in the surveys.
C) schizophrenia was not of interest to the researchers.
D) all of the above.

Question 32

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and related Health Problems (ICD)was developed:

A) by the World Health Organization following criticism of the DSM approach.
B) by the World Health Organization to diagnose all disorders.
C) by a coalition of international psychological organizations to incorporate the scientific evidence on normal development.
D) to provide an expanded range of billing codes for health care systems.

Question 33

Longitudinal research of depression rates in adulthood indicate that rates of depressive symptoms are

A) lower in young adulthood than middle adulthood, and then surge in older adulthood.
B) highest in young adulthood, decrease in middle adulthood, but increase again in older adulthood.
C) highest in young adulthood, decrease in middle adulthood, and then remain constant throughout the remainder of adulthood.
D) lowest in young adulthood, but steadily increase through middle and older adulthood.

Question 34

In determining whether a person meets criteria for a diagnosis a of mental disorder,clinical psychologists rely primarily on

A) family history.
B) self-report of symptoms.
C) laboratory tests to confirm diagnosis.
D) intrusiveness of primary symptoms.

Question 35

In the 2004 survey of prevalence rates of mental disorders across 14 countries,the Mental Health Survey Consortium (World Health Organization)found that across most countries,________ disorders were the most common,followed by _______ disorders.

A) mood; anxiety
B) anxiety; impulse-control
C) anxiety; mood
D) mood; substance abuse

Question 36

Turner and Lloyd (2004)conducted a study on the build-up of life stress and the subsequent risk of developing a mental disorder.The researchers found that the odds of developing a disorder

A) were unrelated to the number of stressors experienced.
B) increased with the number of stressors experienced.
C) decreased with the number of stressors experienced.
D) were related to the specific type of stressors experienced.

Question 37

A practicum student in clinical psychology is feeling sad over the break-up of a romantic relationship and wonders if this is the beginning of a depressive disorder.It is impossible to diagnose based on this information because:

A) most people get over break-ups after a few weeks.
B) the practicum student will know ways to prevent the sadness becoming more serious.
C) a diagnosis is based on a constellation of symptoms.
D) s/he will probably meet someone else soon.

Question 38

The 3rd edition of the DSM differed from previous editions in that it

A) removed theoretical rationales for mental disorders, allowing for greater acceptance in the mental health field.
B) improved the reliability of diagnoses through field trials of the diagnostic system.
C) introduced a multiaxial diagnostic system.
D) all of the above.

Question 39

Childhood depression was not diagnosed until the 1980s.This is because:

A) there were not so many pressures on young people before the development of the Internet and the advent of cyberbullying.
B) there were no reliable antidepressant medications and no effective psychological treatments.
C) according to the dominant psychoanalytic model, depression was not possible until the person was old enough to have a superego.
D) sexist ideology reduced awareness of problems that were more prevalent in girls than boys.

Question 40

In 2013,the director of the U.S.National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH),announced that,due to the lack of validity data on the DSM system,the NIMH would encourage efforts to develop a new diagnostic system for mental disorders based on biological and psychological markers for these disorders,known as the

A) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC),
B) DSM criteria
C) International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)
D) prototype model

Question 41

When determining whether or not behaviour is abnormal,what must a mental health professional consider?

Question 42

An important consideration in diagnostic reliability is the _______ of individuals with the same diagnosis,as this could impact inter-rater reliability,and contribute to ______ in treatment response.

A) homogeneity of symptom profiles; similarity
B) heterogeneity of symptom profiles; variability
C) homogeneity of symptom profiles; variability
D) heterogeneity of symptom profiles; similarity

Question 43

Concerns over the "medicalization of ordinary life" have led to calls for more stringent definitions of mental disorders.What is one argument that goes against this?

Question 44

What is comorbidity and explain how people are impacted by it.

Question 45

The extent of comorbidity in clinical populations is

A) non-existent.
B) limited.
C) unknown.
D) substantial.

Question 46

List at least three ways a diagnostic system is useful.

Question 47

A DSM diagnosis with questionable validity is:

A) Schizophrenia.
B) Bipolar disorder.
C) Acute stress disorder.
D) Selective mutism.

Question 48

Studies on vulnerability to mental disorder following natural disasters have found:

A) the majority of people exposed to natural disaster will develop symptoms of PTSD if they do not receive counseling during the acute phase.
B) most countries now have sophisticated systems to ensure continuity of care during disasters.
C) those with pre-existing disorders are already getting help, which protects them from further symptoms.
D) Although acute distress is to be expected, long-term resilience is the most common outcome.

Question 49

Name the two types of classification approaches and explain how they are different.

Question 50

Compared to individuals with a single mental disorder,those with comorbid conditions are more

A) severely impaired in daily life functioning.
B) likely to have a fleeting history of mental health problems.
C) likely to use few health care services.
D) progress quicker in their treatment.

Question 51

What is a diagnostic system of classification? How does a diagnostic system of classification differ from a diagnosis?

Question 52

What is the biopsychosocial model of mental disorders?

Question 53

Two key aspects of the adequacy of classification systems are validity and utility.Define each term.

Question 54

List two ways a diagnostic system may be disadvantageous to the individual receiving the diagnosis:

Question 55

According to Kendell and Jablensky (2003),when a disorder is a discrete entity that has clear boundaries with other disorders,this is referred to as diagnostic

A) validity.
B) reliability.
C) classification.
D) specificity.

Question 56

The extent to which professionals agree on the presence and nature of a diagnosable condition is known as

A) diagnostic reliability.
B) diagnostic validity.
C) diagnostic consensus.
D) mutual consensus.

Question 57

The DSM-5 and the ICD-10-CM are:

A) fundamentally different ways of looking at mental disorder.
B) a US versus a global approach to diagnosis.
C) compatible for most major mental disorders.
D) both available in English only.

Question 58

Wakefield (1992)proposed the term harmful dysfunction,whereas Widiger (2004; Widiger & Sankis,2000)has dyscontrol to define the impairment associated with mental disorders.Define each of these terms.

Question 59

Post traumatic stress disorder is an example of a diagnosis that is defined polythetically,meaning that individuals with the diagnosis

A) meet all criteria in the same way.
B) may exhibit markedly different patterns of symptoms.
C) may exhibit symptoms of personality disorders.
D) meet none of the criteria in the same way.

Question 60

Both Sam and Aimée recently received diagnoses of depression however the symptoms they are each experiencing are very different from each other.This is

A) an example of diagnostic reliability.
B) an example of a disorder that is defined polythetically.
C) evidence they are experiencing comorbid disorders.
D) an example of a disorder that is defined monothetically.

Question 61

Describe the limitations of a polythetic approach to diagnosis.

Question 62

Describe the three parts of the problem with inter-rater reliability.