Deck 11: Understanding Self and Others

Question 1

Teenagers' tendency to believe that their experiences and feelings are unique,and that no one has ever felt or thought as they do is known as

A)the personal fable.
B)the imaginary audience.
C)the illusion of invulnerability.
D)hypothetical reasoning.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Abby is 6 years old while Sheena is 13 years old.Compared to Abby's self-description,Sheena's self-description is likely to be

A)more abstract.
B)based more on physical characteristics.
C)more closely linked to possessions.
D)less future-oriented.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Chan's self-concept includes statements about his attitudes,personality traits,religious beliefs,and occupational goals.How old is Chan?

A)three years old
B)five years old
C)eight years old
D)fifteen years old

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Rina's self-concept includes mention of emotions,social groups to which she belongs,and comparisons of herself to others.How old is Rina?

A)three years old
B)eight years old
C)thirteen years old
D)seventeen years old

Question 5

Evidence for growing self-awareness between the ages of 18 and 24 months includes the fact that children of this age

A)cannot recognize themselves in a mirror.
B)look less at photographs of themselves than at photos of other children.
C)do not refer to themselves by name.
D)sometimes know their own age and gender.

Question 6

Sixteen-year-old Ingrid discovered a spot on her blouse after she arrived at school.Ingrid is afraid that everyone will notice the spot and think she is stupid.Which of the following best describes Ingrid's beliefs?

A)adolescent egocentrism
B)imaginary audience
C)personal fable
D)illusion of invulnerability

Question 7

The self-absorption characteristic of the teen-age search for identity is called

A)diffusion.
B)theory of mind.
C)adolescent egocentrism.
D)specification.

Question 8

Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by

A)an inability to understand that others have different perspectives of the world.
B)an indifference about what other people think about them.
C)a belief that they are the focus of others' thinking.
D)having attained identity achievement.

Question 9

Fifteen-year-old Angela's belief that she is,in effect,an actor whose performance is watched constantly by her peers is a phenomenon referred to as

A)the imaginary audience.
B)the personal fable.
C)the illusion of invulnerability.
D)perspective-taking.

Question 10

Self-awareness is usually well established by the age of

A)six months.
B)one years.
C)two years.
D)three years.

Question 11

Two-year-old Chris "helps" his dad change the oil in the car and ends up with a black oil streak on his cheek.When they come into the house,his dad takes him into the bathroom to clean up.Based on what you know about self-awareness in two-year-olds,what would you expect Chris to do when he looks in the mirror?

A)Reach up and touch the black spot on his cheek.
B)Touch the black spot he sees on the mirror.
C)Look at his dad to see if he,too,has oil on his face.
D)Not show any indication that he notices the spot.

Question 12

If you ask Eva,a preschooler,to describe herself she is most likely to say

A)"I love swimming."
B)"I'm usually happy."
C)"I'm the fastest runner in my preschool class."
D)"I have blond hair."

Question 13

The foundation or first step of developing a self-concept occurs when children

A)begin to wonder who they are.
B)become aware that they exist independently of other people and objects in the environment.
C)mention emotions when describing themselves.
D)begin to describe themselves in relation to their peers.

Question 14

Dr.Jones conducts a study in which he places a red mark on toddlers' noses and then places them in front of a mirror.Dr.Jones appears to be interested in

A)identity statuses.
B)self-awareness.
C)egocentrism.
D)self-esteem.

Question 15

Veronica describes herself as an "ambitious,fun-loving Catholic who is going to be a nurse someday." Veronica is probably

A)a toddler.
B)a preschooler.
C)an elementary school age child.
D)an adolescent.

Question 16

As children grow from preschoolers to adolescents,their self-concepts become

A)more concrete.
B)more elaborate and richer.
C)less psychological.
D)less future-oriented.

Question 17

The attitudes,behaviours,and values that a person believes make them a unique individual are referred to as the person's

A)self-concept.
B)specification.
C)imaginary audience.
D)personal fable.

Question 18

Between the ages of six and eight,children's descriptions of themselves are likely to

A)be based on characteristics that are observable and concrete.
B)be future-oriented.
C)mention emotions and social groups to which they belong.
D)vary with the setting.

Question 19

A three-year-old celebrating a birthday understands that she's an older version of the same person who had a birthday a year before.She is

A)able to recognize continuity in the self over time.
B)beginning to form self-awareness.
C)very advanced for her age.
D)not yet able to form a self-concept.

Question 20

Who is most likely to recognize continuity in the self over time?

A)Parker,a two-year-old who is self-aware
B)Denton,a two-year-old who is not self-aware
C)Parker and Denton are equally likely to recognize continuity in the self over time.
D)Neither Parker norDenton will recognize continuity in the self over time..

Question 21

On Laurel's 16th birthday,her parents gave her a new car and a Conservative Party bumper sticker.Laurel was happy to accept the car but didn't want to display the bumper sticker.She had begun to read and think about different political parties and,although she hadn't yet decided which political party she supported,she didn't want to be a Conservative just because her parents were.In terms of her political beliefs,Laurel appears to be in Marcia's ________ identity status.

A)diffusion
B)achievement
C)moratorium
D)foreclosure

Question 22

Troy,a college student,is in the achievement status for career.What does that tell you about his identity status for religion and politics?

A)Troy is in the achievement status for religion and politics.
B)Troy is not in the achievement status for religion and politics.
C)Troy is in the achievement status for religion but not for politics.
D)It is not possible to determine Troy's identity status for religion and politics by knowing his identity status for career.

Question 23

Adolescents tend to believe that misfortune only happens to others,a belief that is referred to as

A)the personal fable.
B)the illusion of invulnerability.
C)the imaginary audience.
D)hypothetical reasoning.

Question 24

Adolescents who have achieved a strong ethnic identity

A)are less likely to be affected by discrimination
B)worry more.
C)find interactions with peers more frustrating.
D)are more likely to have parents who downplay their cultural heritage.

Question 25

As individuals move from early adolescence to young adulthood,Marcia's ________ and ________ identity statuses become less common while ________ and ________ become more common.

A)achievement,moratorium;foreclosure,diffusion
B)moratorium,diffusion;foreclosure,achievement
C)foreclosure,moratorium;diffusion,achievement
D)foreclosure,diffusion;moratorium,achievement

Question 26

Marcia's achievement identity status

A)occurs more in younger than in older adolescents.
B)occurs more in older than in younger adolescents.
C)is not related to age.
D)is achieved in all aspects of identity at the same time.

Question 27

Michael,15,was just broken up with by his girlfriend,Lisa.Michael's dad told him that he knows how he feels but that in time he will feel better.Michael is convinced that his dad does not know how it feels to be broken up with by a girlfriend and that his dad does not know what he is talking about.Which of the following terms best describes Michael's beliefs?

A)adolescent egocentrism
B)imaginary audience
C)personal fable
D)illusion of invulnerability

Question 28

Individuals who have explored alternatives and have deliberately chosen a specific identity are in Marcia's ________ identity status.

A)diffusion
B)achievement
C)moratorium
D)foreclosure

Question 29

Marcia's identity formation statuses typically occur in which order?

A)diffusion,foreclosure,moratorium,achievement
B)moratorium,foreclosure,diffusion,achievement
C)foreclosure,moratorium,achievement,diffusion
D)The phases do not necessarily occur in a particular sequence.

Question 30

What is true regarding the work on acculturation by John W.Berry and his colleagues?

A)The least acculturated were the best adapted,both psychologically and socioculturally.
B)Acculturation,while maintaining ties to a person's heritage,leads to greater life satisfaction and better mental health and well-being.
C)Acculturation along with rejection of cultural heritage led to more positive outcomes for immigrants.
D)The multicultural ideal of Canada is more likely to hurt immigrants than help them.

Question 31

Although 15-year-old Vince hasn't thought about it much,he has decided to become a priest when he grows up because that's what his mother wants.Marcia would describe Vince as being in the ________ phase of achieving identity.

A)foreclosure
B)diffusion
C)achievement
D)moratorium

Question 32

In Marcia's theory,________ describes individuals who are still examining different alternative identities.

A)diffusion
B)foreclosure
C)moratorium
D)achievement

Question 33

In Marcia's theory,________ describes individuals who have identities that are determined largely by adults,rather than from personal exploration.

A)diffusion
B)foreclosure
C)moratorium
D)achievement

Question 34

Research shows that

A)adolescents inherently struggle;they go through a time of storm and stress.
B)adolescents in different parts of the world differed in terms of experiencing a time of storm and stress;North American adolescents experienced great struggle while others did not.
C)most adolescents around the world report being happy and few avoid their homes.
D)parent-child relations don't seem to change during adolescence.

Question 35

As adolescents progress towards achieving an identity

A)adolescent egocentrism increases while the imaginary audience,personal fables,and the illusion of invulnerability become less common.
B)adolescent egocentrism decreases while the imaginary audience,personal fables,and the illusion of invulnerability become more common.
C)adolescent egocentrism,the imaginary audience,personal fables,and the illusion of invulnerability become less common.
D)adolescent egocentrism,the imaginary audience,personal fables,and the illusion of invulnerability become more common.

Question 36

The process of integrating into and adopting the customs of a different culture is called

A)ethnic identity.
B)acculturation.
C)multiculturalism.
D)ethnic crystallization.

Question 37

Sixteen-year-old Edward is sexually active but doesn't practice safe sex.He thinks becoming infected with HIV is something that would happen to other people,but not to him.Which of the following concepts best explains Edward's belief?

A)hypothetical reasoning
B)the personal fable
C)the imaginary audience
D)the illusion of invulnerability

Question 38

Conflicts between parents and their adolescent children

A)usually involve more than mild bickering.
B)usually concern differences of opinion over core values.
C)are the inevitable result of teenagers spending more time with their parents.
D)are often more distressing for parents than teenagers.

Question 39

When parents set rules with little justification and enforce them without explanation,children are more likely to remain in Marcia's _____________ status.

A)foreclosure
B)diffusion
C)moratorium
D)achievement

Question 40

Fourteen-year-old Tyler is overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity and has done little to achieve one.Tyler appears to be in Marcia's ________ identity status.

A)moratorium
B)achievement
C)foreclosure
D)diffusion

Question 41

Children's overall self-worth

A)is,roughly,the average of their self-worth in specialized areas.
B)is determined by some domains more than others.
C)is not influenced by social competence.
D)has fewer contributors as the child gets older.

Question 42

Adolescents are more likely to reach achievement status when their parents

A)recognize their children's autonomy.
B)discourage discussion.
C)discourage personal experimentation.
D)simply tell them what identity to adopt.

Question 43

In the elementary-school years,what are the areas of self-esteem that stand out?

A)scholastic competence,athletic competence,social competence,and physical appearance.
B)physical appearance,emotional stability,emotional regulation,and social competence.
C)scholastic competence,emotional regulation,physical appearance,and athletic competence..
D)social competence,emotional stability,athletic competence,and scholastic competence.

Question 44

Recently,Ramiro has become interested in his ethnic heritage.He has attended some Mexican-American festivals and read some books on the role that Mexican Americans have played in the history of the United States.Ramiro is in which stage of achieving an ethnic identity?

A)first stage
B)second stage
C)third stage
D)fourth stage

Question 45

The most effective and lasting forms of treatment for depression in adolescence emphasize

A)minimizing discussion of the depressive symptoms.
B)taking personal responsibility for negative outcomes.
C)correcting an imbalance in neurotransmitters.
D)cognitive and social skills.

Question 46

A strong,well-defined ethnic identity is associated with

A)younger rather than older adolescents.
B)experiencing more negative consequences from discrimination .
C)a weakened tie to mainstream culture for all ethnic groups.
D)higher self-esteem.

Question 47

Depression-prone adolescents

A)have higher levels of norepinephrine and serotonin.
B)are more likely to be boys than girls.
C)are likely to become depressed even when there is no triggering event.
D)are more likely to blame themselves for their failures.

Question 48

Who is most likely to reach achievement status?

A)Gabriel,whose parents discourage discussion
B)Amanda,whose parents give her explicit direction for her choices
C)Kathryn,whose parents encourage her to explore alternatives on her own
D)Ashley,whose parents set rules with little justification

Question 49

If Hunter is a typical adolescent,he will

A)be rebellious.
B)rely upon his parents for advice.
C)not share many of his parents' values.
D)be unhappy.

Question 50

Adolescents who have achieved a strong ethnic identity

A)have lower self-esteem.
B)find interactions with family and friends less satisfying.
C)do poorly in school.
D)have parents who encouraged them to explore alternative identities.

Question 51

In the earliest phase of achieving an ethnic identity,individuals

A)do not consider ethnic identity to be an important personal issue.
B)begin to explore the personal impact of their ethnic heritage.
C)learn cultural traditions.
D)achieve a distinct ethnic self-concept.

Question 52

Depression among adolescents

A)is caused by higher levels of neurotransmitters.
B)is more common in those who tend to blame others for negative outcomes.
C)is more common in girls than boys..
D)is unrelated to temperament.

Question 53

Anne participates in a study in which she is asked how much statements such as "I'm very good at schoolwork" and "I find it very easy to make friends" apply to her.The study involves measuring

A)perspective-taking.
B)stranger anxiety.
C)self-esteem.
D)basic and complex emotions.

Question 54

Which of the following statements about parent-child relations during adolescence is true?

A)Parent-adolescent relations can be accurately summed up as being full of storm-and-stress.
B)Parent-adolescent relationships become more egalitarian throughout adolescence.
C)Parents and adolescents continue to spend the same amount of time together as they did when the adolescent was a child.
D)Adolescents show their parents more affection than they did as children.

Question 55

Juan has very little interest in examining his ethnic roots.Juan is in the ________ phase of achieving an ethnic identity.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth

Question 56

________ is defined as a person's judgment and feelings about his or her own worth.

A)Self-concept
B)Self-recognition
C)Self-esteem
D)Self-awareness

Question 57

Nikolai has achieved a distinct ethnic self-concept.He is in the ________ phase of achieving an ethnic identity.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth

Question 58

Antidepressant drugs

A)have effects that last after the individual stops taking the drugs.
B)are more effective than forms of psychotherapy that emphasize cognitive and social skills.
C)should be prescribed in any young person who has been diagnosed with depression.
D)are designed to correct an imbalance in neurotransmitters.

Question 59

Stella is a depressed adolescent.She is likely to

A)blame others for her failures.
B)have reduced levels of some neurotransmitters.
C)not find psychotherapy a successful way to treat her depression.
D)experience long-lasting treatment effects through short-term drug therapy.

Question 60

Most adolescents report that they

A)do not love their parents.
B)do not ask their parents for advice.
C)embrace many of their parents' values.
D)feel unloved by their parents.

Question 61

Scholastic competence is measured by how

A)popular or accepted the child feels in social interactions with peers.
B)adequate the child feels about behaving the way one is supposed to.
C)competent the child feels at sports and games requiring physical skill,athletic ability.
D)competent or smart the child feels in doing schoolwork.

Question 62

At which age would you be most likely to find the highest levels of self-esteem?

A)preschool years
B)early elementary-school years
C)late elementary-school years
D)junior high years

Question 63

When Kristin makes the transition from elementary school to junior high school,you might expect her self-esteem to

A)decrease.
B)increase.
C)fluctuate up and down unpredictably.
D)remain stable.

Question 64

Hunter is eager to try any sport and feels that he's pretty good at most of them.Mason doesn't enjoy any sports,mainly because he doesn't think he's very good at them.Hunter's and Mason's perceived competencies are different in the domain of

A)scholastic competence.
B)behavioural conduct.
C)physical appearance.
D)athletic competence.

Question 65

How popular a child feels in social interactions with peers is called

A)scholastic competence.
B)athletic competence.
C)social acceptance.
D)behavioural conduct.

Question 66

An individual's self-esteem

A)becomes more differentiated with age.
B)tends to be at similar levels across different domains.
C)is usually highest during the junior high school years.
D)is not affected by how others view them.

Question 67

Which of the following most accurately describes a typical preschooler in terms of self-esteem?

A)full of confidence
B)full of self-doubt
C)at the bottom of the "pecking order"
D)very differentiated

Question 68

Courtney loves the way she looks,especially her long,thick hair and big,dark brown eyes.Courtney's self-worth is high in the domain of

A)athletic competence.
B)physical appearance.
C)social acceptance.
D)behavioural conduct.

Question 69

As children move from being preschoolers to becoming adolescents

A)they are less likely to compare themselves to peers.
B)self-esteem becomes more differentiated.
C)self-esteem shows large increases.
D)girls' self-esteem drops more than boys' after the transition to junior high.

Question 70

Who is likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A)Abe,who just started high school
B)Tex,who just started junior high school
C)Gus,who is in early elementary school
D)Len,who is in preschool

Question 71

Who is likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A)John,who likes school and gets good grades.
B)David,who has trouble getting along with his peers
C)Dustin,who doesn't participate in extracurricular activities
D)James,who often has disciplinary problems

Question 72

Children are more likely to have higher levels of self-esteem if

A)they do not participate in extracurricular activities.
B)their parents do not set rules for them.
C)the school environment is nurturing.
D)their parents do not discuss rules and discipline with them.

Question 73

Developmental changes in structure and average levels of self-esteem

A)are universal.
B)are culturally-specific.
C)are easily explained.
D)aren't important to study.

Question 74

When children move from elementary school to high school

A)self-esteem reaches its peak.
B)self-esteem becomes less differentiated.
C)children become less likely to compare themselves with peers.
D)self-esteem usually drops.

Question 75

Which factor accounts for some of the decrease in self-esteem seen during the elementary school years?

A)parents setting more rules
B)children beginning to compare themselves with peers
C)teachers becoming more involved with students
D)a school emphasis on individualized instruction

Question 76

By the end of the elementary-school years,children's self-esteem has usually stabilized because

A)children at that age have established an ethnic identity.
B)children at that age have not yet started comparing themselves to others.
C)children have learned their place in the "pecking order."
D)children at that age believe that they are consistently above average.

Question 77

Who is more likely to have the lowest self-esteem?

A)Julie,a European American child in elementary school.
B)Ming,a Chinese American child in elementary school.
C)Juan,a Hispanic American child in elementary school.
D)Mako,a Japanese American child in elementary school.

Question 78

Who is likely to have the lowest self-esteem?

A)Darrin,whose parents don't set rules
B)Donald,whose parents discuss their rules with him
C)Stephen,whose parents are affectionate toward him
D)Troy,whose parents are involved in his extra-curricular activities

Question 79

What advice would you give teachers to help them enhance their students' self-esteem?

A)Don't expect children to work to the best of their ability.
B)Show interest in your students' progress.
C)Discourage children from participating in extracurricular activities.
D)Don't listen to most of what your students say to you.

Question 80

Because Danielle,a junior high school student,has low self-esteem,she is

A)likely to get along well with peers.
B)unlikely to become depressed.
C)unlikely to be involved in bullying and aggressive behaviour.
D)likely to do poorly in school.