Deck 18: Late Adulthood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Successful aging focuses on letting go and accepting one's place in the sweep of history.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Self-esteem in late adulthood is tied into independence and dependence.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Similarity in personality may work against married couples during middle adulthood.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, which of the following stages of life is associated with late adulthood?​

A) Ego integrity versus despair
B) Generativity versus stagnation
C) Intimacy versus isolation
D) Ego identity versus role diffusion

Question 5

In the context of psychosocial theory, Erik Erikson believed that:​

A) it is difficult and sometimes unlikely for older adults who engage in life reviews to find ego integrity in late adulthood.
B) older adults who achieved ego transcendence are unlikely to find ego integrity.
C) men are more likely than women to obtain ego integrity.
D) people who achieved generativity in middle adulthood are more likely to obtain ego integrity in late adulthood.

Question 6

Of Robert Peck's developmental tasks, _____ lays emphasis on coming to terms with inevitable physical decline by placing more value on cognitive activities and social relationships.

A) body transcendence versus body preoccupation
B) body identity versus ego identity
C) ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation
D) ego differentiation versus work-role preoccupation

Question 7

It is normal for older people to be depressed when their friends and partners are dying.

Question 8

Similarity in personality is more of a contributor to conflict in late adulthood than it is in midlife.

Question 9

Older people's perceived limitation on future time increases their appreciation for life.

Question 10

The basic challenge in the crisis of ego integrity versus despair is to:​

A) achieve stagnation rather than generativity in middle adulthood.
B) maintain the belief that life is meaningful despite physical decline and the inevitability of death.
C) look back on the events of one's life and construct a meaningful narrative of one's past.
D) hold on to the things and relationships one has accumulated over the years.

Question 11

Steve, a 68-year-old man, quit his medical practice two years ago when he realized his work schedule was taking a toll on his health. He now occasionally lectures in colleges and spends most of his time volunteering at the local church. This example illustrates the concept of _____.

A) mutual withdrawal
B) ego differentiation versus work-role preoccupation
C) ego preoccupation versus body preoccupation
D) disengagement

Question 12

The physical aspects of aging can force changes in the choice of activities after retirement and diminish the level of satisfaction gotten from them.

Question 13

Unlike professional activities, leisure activities contribute little to the self-acceptance of retirees.

Question 14

Phobic disorders are characterized by recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually evoke anxiety.

Question 15

The optimistic attitude of successful agers may be derived from transcendence of the ego.

Question 16

Depression may be overlooked because its symptoms are masked by physical complaints.

Question 17

Selective optimization with compensation helps older people maximize their gains while minimizing their losses.

Question 18

The term body esteem refers to pride in the appearance and functioning of one's body.

Question 19

Most retirees report that their well-being has decreased a year after they have retired.

Question 20

Ego integrity derives from the acceptance of one's life span being limited and occurring at a certain point in the sweep of history.

Question 21

Bob is a 70-year-old philanthropist who uses his savings to educate 20 underprivileged girls from his neighborhood. He feels he can make a difference by directing his wealth toward this noble cause. This scenario demonstrates _____.

A) body preoccupation
B) ego transcendence
C) body transcendence
D) ego identity

Question 22

Who among the following suffers from a phobic disorder?​

A) Beth, who has difficulty falling asleep and wakes up quite often at night
B) Nia, who has a persistent fear of pointed objects for no particular reason
C) Gina, who has trouble reading despite exhibiting normal traits of intelligence
D) Maggie, whose cognitive abilities have dramatically declined from when she was a child

Question 23

According to contemporary researchers, reminiscence in old age:​

A) is a normal aspect of aging.
B) is a sign of dementia.
C) results in stagnation rather than generativity.
D) hinders the achievement of ego integrity.

Question 24

Research on the life-span development of self-esteem suggests that:​

A) older men are less accepting of the shortcomings of their bodies than young men are.
B) older women express less body esteem than older men do.
C) the self-esteem of males tends to be higher than that of females.
D) an inflated self-esteem is most often seen in adolescents.

Question 25

_____ addresses the development of older adults' social networks.

A) Activity theory
B) Socioemotional selectivity theory
C) Social learning theory
D) Disengagement theory

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true of generalized anxiety disorder?​

A) It may arise from the perception that one lacks control over one's life.
B) It is more common in childhood than in late adulthood.
C) It is characterized by an irrational, exaggerated fear of a specific object or situation.
D) It may be used synonymously with the term panic disorder.

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true of depression in late adulthood?​

A) It is indicated and characterized solely by sadness or bereavement.
B) It is more common among older adults than among younger adults.
C) It can be connected with possible structural changes in the brain.
D) It cannot be linked to genetic factors.

Question 28

The disengagement theory claims that:​

A) engaging in physical and social activities help older adults fare better.
B) older people and society mutually withdraw from one another as older people approach death.
C) looking back on the events of one's life in late adulthood hinders the achievement of body transcendence.
D) people who achieved generativity in middle adulthood are more likely to achieve ego integrity.

Question 29

In contrast to the _____, the activity theory states that older adults are better adjusted when they are more active and involved in physical and social activities.

A) socioemotional selectivity theory
B) ego integrity theory
C) psychosocial theory
D) disengagement theory

Question 30

Which of the following best describes the term body esteem?​

A) It is the belief that one should go beyond the physical limitations of one's own life span.
B) It refers to pride in the appearance and functioning of people's bodies.
C) It is the belief that life is meaningful and worthwhile despite emotional decline.
D) It refers to people being unwilling to accept the shortcomings of their bodies.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true of psychological problems in late adulthood?​

A) Older women who lose their social networks are more likely to commit suicide due to depression than older men.
B) Depression in older people cannot usually be treated successfully with the same means that work in younger people.
C) Older women are approximately twice as likely to be affected by anxiety disorders than older men.
D) Anxiety disorders are unlikely to coexist with depression.

Question 32

The developmental task of body transcendence versus body preoccupation is best described as:​

A) transcending death by lending financial support to people.
B) placing more value on cognitive activities and social relationships.
C) preparing to go beyond the physical limitations of one's life.
D) redefining one's identity outside the workplace.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is best supported by activity theory?​

A) Individuals place little emphasis on emotional experience as they age.
B) Older adults are better adjusted when they withdraw from society in late adulthood.
C) Informal social activities fail to contribute to life satisfaction among retired people.
D) Physical activity is associated with a lower mortality rate in late adulthood.

Question 34

_____ is the fear of open, crowded places.

A) Acarophobia
B) Acerophobia
C) Agoraphobia
D) Agraphobia

Question 35

Liz is a 70-year-old woman who has developed an irrational fear of open, crowded places and avoids leaving her home. This fear began after Liz lost her husband. In this scenario, Liz suffers from _____.

A) ergophobia
B) chionophobia
C) agoraphobia
D) algophobia

Question 36

According to research conducted by Monika Ardelt and Michel Ferrari, ego transcendence is characterized by:​

A) a denial of the physical limitations of one's life span.
B) a concern for the well-being of humankind in general.
C) a limited value placed on social relationships.
D) an excess of time spent on cognitive activities.

Question 37

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by the developmental task of body transcendence versus body preoccupation?​

A) Meg, a 51-year-old woman, is obsessed with her looks.
B) Sue, a depressed widow, fails to take care of herself since she lost her husband.
C) James, a robust and active 50-year-old man, is a fitness coach and is quite agile for his age.
D) Jake, a retired schoolteacher, spends more time with his friends since he was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 38

Which of the following statements is true of activity theory?​

A) It suggests that physical and social activities in late adulthood are likely to hasten physical and cognitive impairment of older adults.
B) It suggests withdrawal from society as an effective means to handle the challenges of successful aging.
C) It is based on the belief that physical activity is associated with a higher mortality rate in late adulthood.
D) It places many of the barriers to physical and social activities of older adults in social attitudes and in structural matters.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is accurate about depression in older adults?​

A) Suicide due to untreated depression is more frequent among older adults than among younger adults.
B) More older adults suffer from depression compared to younger adults.
C) Older women who lose their partners are most likely to commit suicide as a result of depression.
D) Depression in older people cannot usually be treated successfully with the same means that work in younger people.

Question 40

The socioemotional selectivity theory states that:​

A) disengagement from society is the most effective way to meet the challenges of aging.
B) women are less likely than men to accept the inevitability of physical decline and death.
C) older adults tend to increase their social interactions in late adulthood.
D) people place increasing emphasis on emotional experience as they age.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true of anxiety disorders?​

A) Generalized anxiety disorder tends to be rare in late adulthood.
B) Panic disorder is the most common anxiety disorder observed among older adults.
C) They can be harmful to older people's physical health.
D) They do not coexist with depression.

Question 42

The average retirement age for individuals:​

A) is consistently increasing.
B) is fixed at 60.
C) is determined by the government.
D) has remained the same for several decades.

Question 43

Active religious involvement in late adulthood:​

A) reduces opportunities for social interactions.
B) ensures longevity.
C) is linked to greater life satisfaction.
D) is unlikely to help achieve ego integrity.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true of retirement?​

A) The adjustment of older retirees tends to be affected by their pre-retirement work identities.
B) The key to successful retirement is doing as little as possible.
C) An individual's adjustment to retirement begins with retirement.
D) Men in same-gender couples are less likely than women in same-gender couples to do retirement planning.

Question 45

Among older African Americans, how does regular church attendance help contribute to their relative longevity?

A) It imparts a sense of hopefulness and social support.
B) It allows them to avoid the process of selective optimization with compensation.
C) It helps them gradually withdraw from society.
D) It helps them achieve body transcendence rather than ego transcendence.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of the social contexts of aging?​

A) People aged 80 and older are more likely to be victimized by crime than people in any other age group.
B) Affluent individuals with large amounts of equity in their homes prefer moving to nursing homes rather than remaining in their homes.
C) Older adults are relatively less willing to enter nursing homes when they perceive themselves to be in poor health.
D) Older Americans report that they prefer staying in their homes as long as their physical and mental conditions allow them to do so.

Question 47

Which of the following statements is true of relationships in late adulthood?

A) Older adults are more likely than younger adults to seek divorce.
B) Older adults show less affectionate behavior than younger adults when they discuss conflicts.
C) Older adults are unlikely to have concerns about emotional intimacy and companionship.
D) Older adults who cohabit are less likely to marry their partners than younger adults who cohabit.

Question 48

Who among the following is most likely to show the least adjustment to retirement?​

A) A doctor
B) A firefighter
C) A professor
D) A lawyer

Question 49

Older gay men and lesbians in long-term relationships tend to:​

A) be less depressed.
B) have lower self-esteem.
C) engage in more alcohol and drug abuse.
D) be less likely to cohabit.

Question 50

In the context of relationships between family members, research suggests that both grandparents and adult grandchildren:​

A) achieve body transcendence but not ego transcendence.
B) view each other in a negative light owing to their varied perspectives.
C) are unlikely to seek each other for emotional support.
D) tend to see their ties as deep and meaningful.

Question 51

When older adults relocate to residences for the elderly, they tend to:​

A) maintain their existing social networks.
B) be open to expanding their social networks.
C) be selective in forming new relationships.
D) experience an increase in self-esteem.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true of retirement planning?​

A) In married couples, control of retirement plans is unrelated to a partner's workload and income level.
B) Women in same-gender couples who do retirement planning are less likely to do it collaboratively as compared to men in same-gender couples.
C) Men in same-gender couples are more likely than women in same-gender couples to do retirement planning.
D) In married couples, wives more often than husbands tend to be in control of retirement plans.

Question 53

Data from research found that a lack of self-confidence in older retirees is likely to:​

A) impede adjustment to retirement.
B) result in ego transcendence.
C) minimize the risk of depression.
D) enable selective optimization with compensation.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true of the influence of religion on older adults?​

A) Religious involvement is usually associated with less depression.
B) Older adults who are actively involved in religious activities have less chances of achieving ego transcendence.
C) Active religious involvement reduces the opportunities for social networking.
D) Older African Americans who are regular churchgoers have the same longevity as those who do not attend church.

Question 55

Which of the following is an accurate statement about similarity in personality of married couples?​

A) It provides a sense of equity in contributing to their relationships.
B) It leads to an increase in the chances of religious involvement among couples.
C) It leads to a decrease in the chances of marital satisfaction.
D) It heightens the risk of conflicts and disagreements.

Question 56

Research has consistently shown that older adults who are best adjusted to retirement are those who:​

A) minimize their familial and social interactions.
B) are less likely to be married.
C) are highly involved in a variety of activities.
D) find it difficult to participate in leisure and other non-work-related activities.

Question 57

Men who are widowed are more likely than women to form new relationships with people of the other gender because:

A) women, more so than men, make use of the web of kinship relations.
B) men usually tend to outlive women.
C) men may be more adept than women at various aspects of self-care.
D) women tend to become less social than men as they age.

Question 58

Widowhood in late adulthood is associated with:​

A) increased levels of stress hormones.
B) a lowered risk of suicide.
C) a higher chance of obtaining ego integrity.
D) decreased mortality.

Question 59

Which of the following takes place when couples reach their 60s?​

A) They show less affectionate behavior when they discuss conflicts.
B) They disagree frequently over household chores.
C) They get to spend more time together.
D) They find that they have no concerns about companionship.

Question 60

Based on research conducted by Shiota and Levenson, middle-aged married couples with differences in conscientiousness and extraversion:​

A) are unlikely to handle individual and shared responsibilities well.
B) are likely to be satisfied in their marriages.
C) tend to have more conflicts over division of labor.
D) tend to achieve body transcendence rather than ego transcendence.

Question 61

After retirement, leisure activities are likely to:​

A) increase the risk of cognitive impairment.
B) have an impact on the self-acceptance of retirees.
C) remain the same irrespective of the physical aspects of aging.
D) reduce retirees' chances of successful aging.

Question 62

What is selective optimization with compensation?

Question 63

Discuss retirement planning as explained by psychologists Gary Adams and Barbara Rau, and Daniel Feldman and Terry Beehr.

Question 64

Among the psychological problems faced by older adults, _________ is rare.
A. depression
B. generalized anxiety disorder
C. panic disorder
D. phobic disorder

Question 65

"Self-esteem of older adults is tied into independence and dependence." Discuss.

Question 66

Which of the following allows older adults to reshape their lives to maximize their gains while minimizing their losses?​

A) Ego transcendence
B) Ego identity achievement
C) Identity diffusion
D) Selective optimization with compensation

Question 67

Research has shown that engaging in leisure activities after retirement:​

A) accelerates the physical decline of older adults.
B) makes little or no difference to retirees' adjustment to retirement.
C) is essential for the physical and psychological well-being of retirees.
D) is likely to result in stagnation rather than generativity.

Question 68

It seems that well-being among older adults generally increases when they pursue goals rather than withdraw from society. This statement refutes the accuracy of the _________.
A. activity theory
B. psychosocial theory
C. disengagement theory
D. socioemotional selectivity theory

Question 69

The term _________ is used when people who retire continue to work for the same employer with a reduced workload or obtain new employment, possibly part-time.
A. selective optimization
B. ego transcendence
C. bridge employment
D. employment preoccupation

Question 70

Among Robert Peck's three developmental tasks, _________ means preparing in some way to go beyond the physical limitations of one's own life span.
A. ego disengagement
B. ego preoccupation
C. ego differentiation
D. ego transcendence

Question 71

Contributing to civic activities after retirement:​

A) has little or no psychological benefits for retirees.
B) lowers the self-esteem of retirees.
C) is unlikely to help achieve ego differentiation.
D) fosters feelings of self-efficacy.

Question 72

By middle adulthood, _________ may work against the couple, with each partner competing to handle or avoid the same task.
A. similarity in conscientiousness
B. difference in extraversion
C. similarity in personality
D. difference in goals

Question 73

Religion involves beliefs and practices centered on claims about the nature of reality and _________.
A. moral behavior
B. materialism
C. social dominance
D. egotism

Question 74

According to _________, older adults do not want to involve themselves in painful social interactions.
A. activity theory
B. psychosocial identity theory
C. disengagement theory
D. socioemotional selectivity theory

Question 75

How do Robert Peck's three developmental tasks associated with late adulthood amplify Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair?

Question 76

Are older adults willing to relocate to residences for the elderly? Why or why not?

Question 77

The inability to bounce back after bereavement is a symptom of _________.
A. acarophobia
B. depression
C. Alzheimer's disease
D. dyslexia

Question 78

Looking back on the events of one's past in late adulthood, often in an effort to construct a meaningful narrative is called _________.
A. life review
B. ego transcendence
C. identity search
D. ego differentiation

Question 79

Data from Dutch and American retirees found that _________ tends to impede adjustment to retirement.
A. social interaction
B. a lengthy attachment to work
C. extensive retirement planning
D. high self-esteem

Question 80

According to researchers Margaret Baltes and Laura Carstensen, successful aging involves:​

A) letting go and accepting one's place in the sweep of history.
B) emotionally detaching oneself from people and situations.
C) reshaping one's life to seek emotional fulfillment.
D) doing as little as possible.