Deck 8: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

In terms of self-esteem,most young children

A) are realistic in describing their abilities.
B) tend to overestimate their abilities.
C) tend to underestimate their abilities.
D) will overestimate some of their abilities and underestimate other of their abilities.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

When describing herself at age 4,Alicia tells you she can climb trees.If you asked her to describe herself again at age 8,she would probably tell you

A) she can also run really fast.
B) she can hit a softball.
C) she is athletic.
D) she is good at counting.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to research on children's understanding of emotions,when 4-year-olds do something that has been forbidden by their parents,they feel shame

A) whether or not their parents see them perform the forbidden act.
B) only if their parents see them perform the forbidden act.
C) only if their parents punish them for performing the forbidden act.
D) never, even if their parents saw them perform the forbidden act.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Understanding their emotions helps children to do all of the following EXCEPT

A) guide their behavior in social situations.
B) control the way they show their feelings.
C) talk about their feelings.
D) control all social situations.

Question 5

A system of descriptive and evaluative representations about the self is called

A) self-concept.
B) self-awareness.
C) self-definition.
D) ideal self.

Question 6

At what age do children first begin to take pride in their accomplishments,even when no one is around to see them doing something well?

A) 4 to 5 years
B) 7 to 8 years
C) 10 to 12 years
D) 13 to 15 years

Question 7

According to Erikson,which of the following is the central issue of early childhood?

A) Trust versus mistrust
B) Autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) Initiative versus guilt
D) Identity versus role confusion

Question 8

When children with high self-esteem experience failure,they

A) attribute failure to themselves.
B) attribute disappointments to their own choices.
C) move on and do something different.
D) persevere and develop strategies that will provide success.

Question 9

Feeling both angry and relieved at the same time is an example of

A) conflicting emotions.
B) confusing cognitions.
C) unregulated emotions.
D) self-esteem.

Question 10

According to your text,if young Quinn sees his mother smiling,he is most likely to believe

A) she lost the ten pounds she was trying to lose.
B) she is glad he is doing well in school.
C) she got the new purse she wanted.
D) she likes his new haircut.

Question 11

According to the text,which of the following is a reason for the difficulty that 3-year-olds have in understanding their own emotions?

A) They do not recognize that they can experience different emotions at the same time.
B) They only experience strong emotions when others around them show emotions.
C) They don't realize that anyone besides them actually has emotions.
D) They do not understand that emotions depend on innate, temperamental factors.

Question 12

In neo-Piagetian terminology,the first stage in development of self-definition,in which children describe themselves in terms of individual unconnected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms,is called

A) deductive.
B) single representations.
C) representational mappings.
D) ideal self.

Question 13

When a 4-year-old boy is asked to describe himself,he will typically tell you about his

A) relational self.
B) real self.
C) descriptive self.
D) ideal self.

Question 14

Which of the following is a part of self-definition?

A) Recognizing oneself
B) Parental values
C) Developing a concept of the ideal self
D) Developing a concept of self-centeredness

Question 15

When children talk about their own concrete,observable behaviors,they are providing their self-

A) cognition.
B) definition.
C) efficacy.
D) awareness.

Question 16

When Austin says,"I am Spider Man," he is demonstrating a perception of his _______ self.

A) conception
B) real
C) ideal
D) perceived

Question 17

The judgment children make about their overall worth is their

A) self-worth.
B) self-concept.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-description.

Question 18

A child is motivated to achieve when his or her personal self-esteem is

A) high.
B) low.
C) medium.
D) absent.

Question 19

According to research on gender differences,differences in activity levels between boys and girls begins

A) prior to birth.
B) at age 2.
C) between ages 3 and 5.
D) There are no observed differences in activity levels between boys and girls.

Question 20

The 5-7 shift refers to

A) changes in the way children describe themselves.
B) changes in the average height of children during early childhood.
C) changes in intelligence scores during early childhood.
D) changes in the number of friends most children make during early childhood.

Question 21

Mike is becoming aware that he is a boy and that boys play with trucks and trains.He is developing a gender

A) need.
B) role.
C) desire.
D) All of these

Question 22

Four-year-old Marcie would like to hide her little brother's toys in the basement.However,she realizes this will make her brother cry,and she wonders if she will feel bad about this.According to Erikson,Marcie is experiencing the conflict of

A) identity versus role confusion.
B) initiative versus guilt.
C) purpose versus will.
D) industry versus inferiority.

Question 23

Melissa is 4 years old,and now wants to avoid dressing "like a boy." She talks about being "a wife and mommy" when she grows up.Melissa is engaged in the process of

A) sex-typing.
B) gender-typing.
C) sexism-generalizing.
D) conflict-resolution.

Question 24

Gender refers to

A) role-learning.
B) what it means to be male or female.
C) identification with parents.
D) friendship patterns between males and females.

Question 25

A male rat has been given an injection of testosterone.Which of the following behaviors is likely to INCREASE as a consequence?

A) Aggressive behavior
B) Maternal behavior
C) Nonspecific gender behavior
D) All of these

Question 26

The virtue acquired through successful resolution of Erikson's developmental crisis of initiative versus guilt is

A) hope.
B) purpose.
C) trust.
D) will.

Question 27

According to Erikson,the conflict between young children's urge to pursue goals and their moral judgments about those urges is

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) identity versus role confusion.

Question 28

According to Erikson,a child who feels comfortable trying new things,without excessive guilt or fear,is said to have acquired the virtue of

A) will.
B) hope.
C) trust.
D) purpose.

Question 29

Gender differences are believed to be influenced by

A) hormones.
B) parents.
C) the media.
D) All of these

Question 30

Psychological or behavioral differences between males and females are called

A) sex differences.
B) gender differences.
C) gender stereotypes.
D) gender constancy.

Question 31

At preschool,Tommy plays with trucks and Mary plays with dolls.They are

A) undergoing gender-typing.
B) acquiring gender stereotypes.
C) learning the sexism schema.
D) becoming androgynous.

Question 32

Gender stereotypes are

A) preconceived generalizations about male and female behavior.
B) often a result of gender conservation and identity.
C) based on myths about sex differences.
D) valuable methods of maintaining social stability.

Question 33

According to the evolutionary theory of gender differences,men and women have ____ adaptations designed to be sensitive to environmental input.

A) physical
B) cognitive
C) emotional
D) spiritual

Question 34

Learning one's gender role is called

A) achieving gender identity.
B) gender conservation.
C) gender-typing.
D) gender stereotyping.

Question 35

Research has found that the genders differ in that

A) boys are more physically aggressive.
B) girls are less empathetic.
C) boys are more cooperative.
D) girls know more about taking care of babies.

Question 36

According to ___________,male competitiveness and aggressiveness and female nurturance develop during childhood as preparation for these adult roles.

A) evolutionary theory
B) biological theory
C) behaviorism
D) learning theory

Question 37

Research has linked aggressive behavior in certain animals to prenatal exposure to the hormone

A) estrogen.
B) progesterone.
C) testosterone.
D) adrenaline.

Question 38

One of the measurable differences between males and females is that females

A) have a biological advantage for survival.
B) are more physically vulnerable.
C) are more reactive to stress.
D) are more active in utero than males.

Question 39

Ruthann has a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia,which has caused her to

A) prefer the gender-specific behavior of other girls.
B) prefer the type of rough-and-tumble play activities that boys generally prefer.
C) show decreased spatial skill orientation.
D) seek out female playmates and reject playing with boys.

Question 40

A baby boy had reconstructive surgery to have his severely damaged penis removed,and thereafter,he was raised as a girl.He rejected this female role as a teenager,providing evidence that

A) gender identity requires more counseling.
B) gender assignment works when the social support is increased.
C) gender identity may be rooted in biological features.
D) gender identity occurs in early childhood.

Question 41

According to traditional social learning theory,children acquire gender roles by observing models.Children then

A) pick models that are powerful and nurturing.
B) always pick the same-sex parent.
C) avoid patterning themselves after peers.
D) focus only on indirect teaching by parents.

Question 42

Brooke becomes upset because a stranger mistakes her for a boy.Kohlberg would say that she has developed

A) gender awareness.
B) gender constancy.
C) penis envy.
D) gender stability.

Question 43

Some studies have found that parents affect children's knowledge about gender more than their gender

A) identity.
B) schemas.
C) behavior.
D) constancy.

Question 44

In egalitarian households,the _____________ role in gender socialization seems especially important.

A) father's
B) mother's
C) neighbors'
D) None of these

Question 45

Gary's dad frowns when Gary picks up his sister's doll and starts to play with it.His dad's reaction is likely to influence Gary's

A) gender-typing.
B) gender constancy.
C) gender knowledge.
D) gender cycle.

Question 46

Social learning theory holds that a child identifies with a parent

A) as a consequence of the phallic stage.
B) after resolving the Electra or Oedipus complex.
C) through observation and imitation, along with reinforcement.
D) because of guilt associated with the stereotyping from parents.

Question 47

Tina realizes that she will never be a boy.According to Kohlberg,she has developed

A) identification.
B) gender awareness.
C) gender stability.
D) penis envy.

Question 48

According to Kohlberg,children learn their gender through

A) identification with the same-sex parent.
B) imitation of adult models, reinforcement for acceptable behaviors, and punishment for socially inappropriate behaviors.
C) their own active mental classification and organization of behavior to be consistent with that cognitive image.
D) maturation and hormonal changes due to puberty.

Question 49

Don is beginning to understand how his culture classifies males and females.Based upon this knowledge,Don is developing patterns of behavior based upon his organized knowledge of male-appropriate and female-appropriate behavior.According to Bem,the patterns of behavior that Don is beginning to develop are organized around

A) sexism schema.
B) gender constancy.
C) gender schema.
D) gender identity.

Question 50

Which of the following behavior patterns is INCONSISTENT with Kohlberg's views regarding the acquisition of gender roles?

A) A young boy has acquired gender constancy and refuses to play dolls with his sister.
B) A young girl has not yet achieved gender constancy and claims to want to be a daddy when she grows up.
C) A young boy has not yet achieved gender identity, and when asked if he is a boy or girl, he says he doesn't know.
D) A young boy who has not yet achieved gender constancy asks to be given only toys for boys and no girl toys for his birthday.

Question 51

Freud referred to the adoption of the characteristics,values,and behaviors of the parent of the same sex as

A) gender identity.
B) gender-typing.
C) identification.
D) androgyny.

Question 52

According to research,the most influential individual in a child's life in terms of influencing gender-typing is

A) the father.
B) the mother.
C) a sister.
D) a brother.

Question 53

Jessica imitates her mother's gestures,speech,and behaviors.Which of the following terms describes this?

A) Identification
B) Reinforcement
C) Role conflict
D) Gender constancy

Question 54

Danielle knows that she is a girl,but she becomes angry when she is told that she cannot grow up to be a father."I will,too!" she cries.According to cognitive-developmental theory,she has not yet achieved

A) gender stereotyping.
B) gender constancy.
C) gender stability.
D) an Electra complex.

Question 55

In socializing children,parents generally

A) treat boys and girls about the same until age 2 or 3.
B) give girls more latitude than boys with regard to gender roles.
C) show less tolerance for "tomboys" than for "sissies."
D) have little influence on gender-role development.

Question 56

According to Sandra Bem's gender-schema theory,how do children adopt gender-appropriate behavior?

A) Through identification with their same-sex parent after resolution of sexual conflict
B) As a result of imitation and reinforcement
C) As a by-product of achieving gender constancy
D) By following society's behaviors that are matched to their gender

Question 57

____________ are most likely to encourage ____________ to engage in gender-type activities appropriate for their sex.

A) Mothers; sons
B) Fathers; sons
C) Mothers; daughters
D) Fathers; daughters

Question 58

Billy sees his father working with power tools.As a consequence,Billy grows up enjoying work with power tools himself,and he perceives this kind of work to be "masculine." The sequence of events is consistent with the ___________________ theory of identification.

A) psychoanalytic
B) gender-constancy
C) social learning
D) gender stereotyping

Question 59

With regard to the social learning theory of gender-typing,research has indicated that

A) boys do not imitate their mothers, only their fathers.
B) most parents punish fighting and reward helpfulness in girls but not in boys.
C) children imitate their parents as well as many other adults.
D) children are more resistant to their parents than to other adults.

Question 60

Which of the following preschool children is most likely to show strong gender-typing?

A) Leila, whose mother works full time outside the home
B) Jim, who lives with his divorced mother
C) Jacob, whose father becomes upset when he plays with dolls
D) Marla, whose father includes his wife in all major decisions

Question 61

Two children are playing in the same area.One child plays with blocks and the other plays with cars,dolls,and balls without any attempt to alter each other's play.They are engaged in which kind of play?

A) Associative
B) Parallel
C) Solitary
D) Cooperative

Question 62

A high level of solitary play may indicate that a child has

A) high levels of maturity.
B) a physical disability.
C) experienced child abuse.
D) high levels of passivity.

Question 63

Stacy has an imaginary friend,Mindy.Stacy can be expected to be a(n)______ child.

A) happy
B) imaginative
C) cooperative
D) All of these

Question 64

Frankie is a second-born son in a family of four.Frankie's gender development will likely

A) become more like his mother's.
B) become more like his father's.
C) become more like his older brother's.
D) be a combination of all family members.

Question 65

According to social cognitive theory,

A) parents are the only source of reinforcement of children's behavior.
B) parents and peers in combination influence socialization.
C) children only learn socialization after they begin school.
D) socialization is a complex system involving parents, peers, and other agents.

Question 66

While engaged in play,young children do all of the following EXCEPT

A) stimulate their senses.
B) coordinate sight with movement.
C) practice being quiet.
D) acquire new skills.

Question 67

Social learning theory would predict that watching current television programs will ______ gender-typing.

A) increase
B) decrease
C) eliminate
D) have no impact on

Question 68

Sophia has put on her mother's high heels and wrapped a scarf around her neck.She has announced to the family that her performance will begin shortly.Sophia is engaged in

A) functional play.
B) constructive play.
C) dramatic play.
D) formal games with rules.

Question 69

In research described in your textbook,the Korean-American preschool emphasized _________,which was NOT encouraged in Anglo-American preschools.

A) independent thinking
B) socialization
C) collaboration with teachers
D) academic skills development

Question 70

Rich spends a considerable amount of his playtime making things out of blocks,coloring and painting,and making art projects.Rich is engaged in ______ play.

A) functional
B) constructive
C) pretend
D) generic

Question 71

Mark and Tate are playing checkers on the back porch.The boys are engaged in

A) functional play.
B) constructive play.
C) dramatic play.
D) formal games with rules.

Question 72

The tendency toward sex segregation in play seems to be

A) cultural.
B) universal.
C) uncommon.
D) decreasing.

Question 73

Which of the following statements about the images of males and females on television is true?

A) More females are shown than males.
B) Gender stereotypes are more pronounced on television than in real life.
C) Gender-typing on television approximates real-life gender roles.
D) Gender stereotyping on television has been largely eliminated in recent years.

Question 74

Stacy and Mindy enjoy organized games,play hours of Monopoly,and have become champions at marbles.The girls are engaged in ______ play.

A) functional
B) constructive
C) pretend
D) formal

Question 75

According to the text,which of the following statements regarding solitary play is TRUE?

A) Children in the 1920s exhibited more solitary play than children do today.
B) Solitary play seems associated with independence and maturity.
C) Children who engage in solitary play are at high risk for social problems.
D) Children who engage in solitary play are less mature than children who engage only in social play.

Question 76

Social learning theory would predict that a boy's peers will provide

A) reinforcement for gender-typed behavior.
B) inconsistency in gender behavior.
C) approval of opposite sex gender-typed behavior.
D) no impact on gender-typing.

Question 77

In terms of gender-typing,watching television and reading books tends to

A) erase most gender-typing attitudes.
B) strengthen most gender-typing attitudes.
C) have little or no impact of gender-typing attitudes.
D) None of these

Question 78

Little Anna is rolling a big ball back and forth across the kitchen floor.She is engaged in

A) functional play.
B) constructive play.
C) dramatic play.
D) formal games with rules.

Question 79

Little Benjamin is building a castle with his blocks.He is engaged in

A) functional play.
B) constructive play.
C) dramatic play.
D) formal games with rules.

Question 80

Play that involves repetitive muscular movements involving gross motor skills is called ______ play.

A) functional
B) constructive
C) pretend
D) generic