Deck 11: Sexuality and Gender

Question 1

Females are often thought to outshine males on verbal tasks.What does contemporary empirical evidence have to say about this notion?

A)It's a myth-there's basically no difference between men and women in verbal performance.
B)It's pretty much a myth-the difference between men and women in verbal performance is as small as the difference seen on math tasks.
C)It's real-women outscore men on tests of verbal ability by a long shot.
D)It may be a myth-no one has examined the idea empirically.

Answer 1

It's a myth-there's basically no difference between men and women in verbal performance.

Question 2

Research suggests that levels of the female hormone,estrogen,are _____ correlated with performance on verbal tasks and _____ correlated with performance on spatial tasks.

A)positively; negatively
B)negatively; positively
C)positively; positively
D)negatively; negatively

Answer 2

positively; negatively

Question 3

The _____ is the term for unstated,but real,barriers within an organization that prevent women from being promoted beyond a certain level because of gender discrimination.

A)glass cliff
B)revolving door
C)glass ceiling
D)gray ceiling

Answer 3

glass ceiling

Question 4

When does the male-female difference in the level of aggression become apparent?

A)At birth
B)By age two
C)By middle childhood
D)By early adolescence

Question 5

Barry,the head of a finance organization,employed Abby based on her physical appearance and made sure she was assigned only simple tasks.However,this weakened Abby's real ability to perform at work.This exemplifies _____ sexism.

A)benign
B)benevolent
C)beneficent
D)malevolent

Question 6

Maggie is nervous as she begins her calculus final.She is not quite sure she can compete with the male students in her class.Maggie's performance on the calculus test may be impaired by:

A)hostile sexism.
B)gender stereotype.
C)benevolent sexism.
D)feminism.

Question 7

Identify the accurate statement regarding verbal and nonverbal behavior of men.

A)In conversations with people of the other sex,men look at their partners about the same length of time while listening and speaking.
B)Men,more often,raise their pitch at the end of a sentence and add "tags" at the end of an opinion,rather than stating the opinion outright.
C)In conversations with people of the other sex,men look at their partners significantly more while listening than while speaking.
D)Speech patterns of men lead others to view them as more tentative and less assertive.

Question 8

Why might speech of women seem more tentative than that of men?

A)Women often lower their pitch at the end of a sentence.
B)Women often add question-like tags at the end of statements.
C)Women look at a conversational partner about the same length of time while listening and speaking.
D)Women are generally better than men at decoding others' facial expressions.

Question 9

Which of the following is TRUE of potential gender differences in self-esteem?

A)Men generally have higher self-esteem than do women.
B)Men and women base their self-esteem on identical things.
C)In general,men evaluate themselves more harshly than women.
D)Women's self-esteem stems more from their assessment of their unique characteristics and abilities than men's.

Question 10

On an average,in the United States,a woman earns about _____ for every dollar that a man earns.

A)$0.50
B)$0.95
C)$1.10
D)$0.80

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE of the verbal and nonverbal behavior of men and women?

A)Speech patterns of men lead others to view them as more tentative and less assertive.
B)Speech of women is more precise.
C)In conversations with people of the other sex,women look at their partners about the same length of time while listening and speaking.
D)Men are generally better than women at decoding others' facial expressions.

Question 12

Hines,Fink,and Alexander studied a group of children whose mothers unknowingly took drugs containing androgen,a hormone,prior to their birth.They related this concentration of the hormone to the play preferences of the same children.Which of the following alternatives best expresses the results of the study?

A)For boys,androgen was positively related to male-typical play preferences.For girls,androgen was negatively related to male-typical play preferences.
B)For boys,androgen was positively related to male-typical play preferences.For girls,androgen was unrelated to play preferences.
C)For either boys or girls,androgen was unrelated to play preferences.
D)For both boys and girls,androgen was positively related to male-typical play preferences.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is TRUE of personality factors that affect gender differences?

A)Generally,men experience greater guilt about their aggressiveness than women.
B)Men are generally better than women at decoding others' facial expressions.
C)Women's self-esteem is influenced primarily by their perception of their sense of interdependence.
D)In general,men evaluate themselves more harshly than women.

Question 14

One in _____ women report sexual harassment in the workplace.

A)4
B)10
C)5
D)20

Question 15

_____ include the set of expectations regarding the appropriate behavior of men,on the one hand,and women,on the other.

A)Gender roles
B)Gender schemas
C)Gender stereotypes
D)Gender scripts

Question 16

Which of the following statements is TRUE about gender differences in romantic jealousy?

A)Men are more likely to become jealous when a female partner is sexually unfaithful than when she develops a close friendship with another man.
B)Men are more likely to become jealous when a female partner develops a close friendship with another man than when she is sexually unfaithful.
C)Women are more likely to become jealous when a male partner is sexually unfaithful than when he develops a close friendship with another woman.
D)Men are not likely to be jealous of a female partner's sexual life and close friendships with other men.

Question 17

Which of the following conclusions is probably most reasonable regarding gender differences in cognition?

A)Gender differences in cognition are large and pervasive.
B)Gender differences in cognition are nonexistent.
C)Gender differences in cognition are minimal,showing up in only a few specific tasks.
D)Gender differences in cognition aren't real; they are just stereotypes.

Question 18

Often,we compliment a female professional's appearance; we rarely compliment a male professional's appearance.This exemplifies _____ sexism.

A)benign
B)benevolent
C)beneficent
D)malevolent

Question 19

In which part of the world is gender equality the highest?

A)Australia and New Zealand
B)Bahamas
C)Iceland
D)Canada

Question 20

Which of the following is TRUE about differences between men and women?

A)The differences between men and women are larger than popular stereotypes would have us believe.
B)The differences between men and women are just as large as we are often prone to imagine them to be.
C)Men and women are more similar than dissimilar to one another in most respects.
D)The differences that have been found tell us a lot about individual men and women.

Question 21

A _____ refers to a mental framework that organizes and guides a child's understanding of information relevant to gender.

A)gray ceiling
B)gender schema
C)glass ceiling
D)glass cliff

Question 22

A movie casts the male lead as a police officer and the female lead as a loving mother who takes care of the family.This implies that the movie uses the stereotypical aspects of _____.

A)identification
B)symbolic interactionism
C)feminism
D)socialization

Question 23

Approximately what proportion of men report thinking about sex every day?

A)Three-quarters
B)Just over half
C)Just under half
D)Nine-tenths

Question 24

The female protagonist of a novel is a brave and fierce woman who fights wars and saves the people of her motherland.From this information,one can infer that the novel does not include the stereotypical aspects of _____.

A)feminism
B)socialization
C)the gray ceiling
D)the glass ceiling

Question 25

Men are capable of sexual activities without any regard to biological cycles because:

A)they are able to develop an erection even during the refractory period of sexual responsiveness.
B)all areas of their body automatically produce sexual arousal when touched.
C)they have the ability to cycle back to the orgasm phase and experience repeated orgasms.
D)the level of androgen production by the testes is fairly constant.

Question 26

The male and female sex organs are known as _____.

A)genitals
B)androgens
C)progesterone
D)estrogen

Question 27

When women reach maturity at puberty,the two ovaries begin to produce _____ and progesterone,the female sex hormones.

A)androgen
B)estrogen
C)genitals
D)ovaries

Question 28

Ten-year-old Rowan does not play softball because he thinks it is a girls' sport.Which of the following would have helped Rowan make this evaluation?

A)Gray ceiling
B)Feminism
C)Gender schema
D)Glass cliff

Question 29

_____ is the process by which an individual learns the rules and norms of appropriate behavior.

A)Inhibition
B)Socialization
C)Feminism
D)Ethnocentrism

Question 30

Which of the following is TRUE of sexual patterns of women?

A)The production of sex hormones in females follows a cyclical pattern.
B)The level of estrogen and progesterone production in females is consistent.
C)In humans,the period around ovulation is the only time the female is receptive to sex,whereas nonhumans are different.
D)In females,all areas of the body automatically produce sexual arousal when touched.

Question 31

How does human sexual motivation differ from that of other species?

A)Human sexual motivation more directly reflects the action of hormones than does the sexual motivation of other species.
B)Human sexual motivation varies more dramatically from individual to individual than does the sexual motivation of other species.
C)Animals are considerably more versatile; not only other partners,but nearly any object,sight,smell,sound,or other stimulus can lead to sexual excitement.
D)In humans,only the presence of a partner who provides arousing stimuli leads to sexual activity.

Question 32

The testes produce _____,and the ovaries produce _____.

A)progesterone; androgen
B)estrogen; progesterone
C)progesterone; estrogen
D)androgen; estrogen

Question 33

Among both men and women,one of the most common sexual fantasies involves:

A)forcing another person to have sex.
B)being forced to have sex.
C)anal sex.
D)oral sex.

Question 34

The social learning approach argues that gender differences in thought and behavior reflect the influence of:

A)parents.
B)race.
C)religion.
D)income.

Question 35

The body's erogenous zones:

A)automatically produce sexual arousal when touched.
B)are especially sensitive to touch.
C)help genitals resume their size after the last of sexual arousal.
D)reverse the changes brought about by sexual arousal.

Question 36

The influence of formal education as an agent of gender socialization:

A)is pronounced only in elementary school.
B)continues even during the college years.
C)is minimal at best.
D)tends to work to the advantage of females by the time one gets to college.

Question 37

Male sex hormones secreted by the testes at puberty are known as _____.

A)estrogen
B)genitals
C)androgens
D)progesterone

Question 38

The initial studies of the human response cycle were conducted by:

A)Alfred Kinsey.
B)William Masters and Virginia Johnson.
C)Alfred Kinsey and William Masters.
D)Alfred Kinsey and Virginia Johnson.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the production of androgen and estrogen?

A)Androgen is produced by testes,and estrogen is produced by ovaries.
B)The production of androgen follows a cyclical pattern,whereas the production of estrogen follows a noncyclical pattern.
C)Androgen is produced from birth,whereas estrogen is produced after menopause.
D)In nonhumans,the production of androgens decreases the male sex drive,whereas the production of estrogens increases the female sex drive.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is TRUE about sexual fantasies?

A)Most people don't have sexual fantasies during their everyday non-sexual activities.
B)Most people fantasize about having sex with a different partner while they are having intercourse.
C)The number of women who fantasize about sex is more than the number of men who fantasize about sex.
D)The number of women who wish that they kissed more is greater than the number of men who wish that they kissed more.

Question 41

In the male,during the _____,rhythmic muscular contractions expel semen,a fluid containing sperm.

A)refractory period
B)resolution stage
C)ejaculation process
D)inhibited ejaculation process

Question 42

Lana and Mark are having sex.Mark's penis has become erect,and Lana's vagina has become lubricated.She is also getting a red rash that is spreading over her chest and her throat.Which of the following phases of sexual responsiveness is epitomized in this scenario?

A)Orgasm
B)Excitement phase
C)Plateau phase
D)Ejaculation

Question 43

Sexual behavior is abnormal if it is:

A)exciting.
B)harmful.
C)unusual.
D)illegal.

Question 44

The interval after orgasm in which the body returns to its unaroused state,reversing the changes brought about by arousal is known as the _____.

A)plateau phase
B)excitement phase
C)resolution stage
D)germinal stage

Question 45

The peak of sexual excitement during which rhythmic muscular contractions occur in the genitals is known as the _____.

A)orgasm stage
B)resolution stage
C)refractory period
D)excitement phase

Question 46

Which of the phases of the human sexual response cycle is correctly matched with its description?

A)Excitement-the interval after orgasm in which the body returns to its unaroused state
B)Plateau-the period in which the maximum level of arousal is attained
C)Resolution-the body prepares for orgasm
D)Refractory-the peak of sexual excitement

Question 47

During which of the following phases of sexual responsiveness do the penis and clitoris swell with blood?

A)Refractory period
B)Resolution stage
C)Plateau phase
D)Ejaculation

Question 48

Derek has had an orgasm and is unable to have another one just yet.His fiancée,Emma,however,has not had an orgasm yet.Her heart rate and blood pressure are rising,but at a slowing rate.In addition,the muscles in her vagina are tightening.According to the human sexual response cycle,Derek is in the _____,while Emma is in the _____.

A)refractory period; excitement phase
B)refractory period; plateau phase
C)plateau phase; excitement phase
D)resolution phase; plateau phase

Question 49

Which alternative below best describes the method used in Masters's and Johnson's pioneering sexual response cycle research?

A)Archival research
B)Survey technique
C)Naturalistic observation
D)Controlled laboratory research

Question 50

The period in which an arousing stimulus begins a sequence that prepares the genitals for sexual intercourse is called the _____ phase.

A)orgasm
B)excitement
C)plateau
D)ejaculation

Question 51

Which of the following describes the refractory period for men?

A)It is the interval after orgasm in which the body returns to its unaroused state,reversing the changes brought about by arousal.
B)It is the peak of sexual excitement,during which rhythmic muscular contractions occur in the genitals.
C)It is the period in which the maximum level of arousal is attained and the body prepares for orgasm.
D)It is the period in which an arousing stimulus begins a sequence that prepares the genitals for sexual intercourse.

Question 52

During the excitement phase of sexual responsiveness in the female,the clitoris swells because:

A)the body prepares itself for the next stage,orgasm.
B)the maximum level of arousal is attained.
C)muscular contractions release semen.
D)of an increase in the blood supply to that area.

Question 53

Kinsey's early studies of human sexual behavior exemplify the _____ research technique.

A)observational
B)survey
C)archival
D)experimental

Question 54

In the year _____,the American Psychiatric Association determined that homosexuality did not constitute a psychological disorder.

A)1963
B)1973
C)1983
D)1993

Question 55

Amelia is having sexual intercourse with her husband; her breasts and vagina are expanding and her breathing rate has increased.Also,her muscle tension is increasing as she is preparing for an orgasm.Amelia is in the middle of which of the following phases of sexual responsiveness?

A)Refractory period
B)Resolution stage
C)Ejaculation
D)Plateau phase

Question 56

The research methods Kinsey used in his pioneering studies allowed him to:

A)describe human sexual behavior.
B)discover the causes of sexually transmitted infections.
C)specify the causes of sexual behaviors and practices.
D)use highly representative samples.

Question 57

Which of the following is TRUE of sexual responsiveness in females?

A)In humans,the period around ovulation is the only time the female is receptive to sex.
B)During the plateau phase,in the female,genitals resume their unaroused size and shape.
C)During the excitement phase,in the female,the clitoris contracts because of an increase in the blood supply to that area.
D)Women have the ability to cycle back to the orgasm phase and experience repeated orgasms.

Question 58

Which sequence correctly orders the phases of the human sexual response cycle,from first to last?

A)Excitement $\rarr$ plateau $\rarr$ orgasm $\rarr$ resolution
B)Excitement $\rarr$ resolution $\rarr$ plateau $\rarr$ orgasm
C)Plateau $\rarr$ excitement $\rarr$ orgasm $\rarr$ resolution
D)Plateau $\rarr$ resolution $\rarr$ excitement $\rarr$ orgasm

Question 59

Female circumcision:

A)is no longer practiced.
B)involves removing the clitoris.
C)is legal in the United States.
D)increases sexual pleasure.

Question 60

Pioneering investigations of human sexual behavior were conducted in the 1930s by:

A)Alfred Kinsey.
B)Virginia Johnson.
C)William Masters.
D)Albert Bandura.

Question 61

Imagine a graph with two curves.One curve shows the proportion of females engaging in premarital sex in the years 1940,1960,1980,and 2000.The other curve displays the proportion of males engaging in premarital sex in the same years.Based on the general patterns of premarital sex,how do you think the two curves should look?

A)The two curves should be parallel.
B)The two curves should be diverging.
C)The two curves should be converging.
D)The two curves should cross.

Question 62

Charlotte and Robert are a married couple in their late 60s.All else being equal,which of the following statements probably best captures their sex life?

A)They have sex about once a week and find it satisfying.
B)They have sex about once a month and find it unsatisfying.
C)They have sex about once a month and find it satisfying.
D)They have sex a few times a year and find it unsatisfying.

Question 63

In the context of premarital sex,to what extent do we find cross-cultural variability in its incidence on one hand and its acceptability on the other?

A)There is little cross-cultural variability in either the incidence or the acceptability of premarital sex.
B)There is little cross-cultural variability in the incidence of premarital sex,but substantial cross-cultural variability in its acceptability.
C)There is substantial cross-cultural variability in the incidence of premarital sex,but little cross-cultural variability in its acceptability.
D)There is substantial cross-cultural variability in both the incidence and the acceptability of premarital sex.

Question 64

According to Alfred Kinsey,heterosexuality and homosexuality are best thought of as:

A)opposite ends of a continuum.
B)discrete categories.
C)orthogonal dimensions.
D)meaningless labels.

Question 65

Since 1970,the proportion of women engaging in premarital sex has:

A)remained the same.
B)doubled.
C)declined.
D)tripled.

Question 66

"Permissiveness with affection" means that:

A)premarital sex is permissible for men and women if it occurs in the context of a loving relationship.
B)unrestricted premarital sex is acceptable for men,but that among women,premarital sex is acceptable only if it takes place in a loving relationship.
C)unrestricted premarital sex is acceptable for both men and women.
D)premarital sex is sometimes permissible for men,but not for women.

Question 67

On an average,what proportion of married men are faithful to their spouses?

A)25%
B)35%
C)50%
D)75%

Question 68

How many married men report masturbating an average of 24 times a year?

A)50%
B)65%
C)75%
D)90%

Question 69

Sexual attraction and behavior directed to the other sex is known as _____.

A)homosexuality
B)heterosexuality
C)bisexuality
D)transsexualism

Question 70

People who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex are called _____.

A)transsexuals
B)heterosexuals
C)hermaphrodites
D)homosexuals

Question 71

Sexual self-stimulation is known as _____.

A)ejaculation
B)resolution
C)masturbation
D)circumcision

Question 72

According to the potential genetic basis of homosexuality,studies of identical twins have revealed that when one twin self-identifies as gay or lesbian:

A)the other twin is no more likely to self-identify as gay or lesbian than is a random member of the population.
B)the other twin is more likely to self-identify as gay or lesbian than is a random member of the population,but only when the twins were raised together.
C)the other twin is more likely to self-identify as gay or lesbian than is a random member of the population,even when the twins were raised apart.
D)the other twin is actually slightly less likely to self-identify as gay or lesbian than is a random member of the population.

Question 73

The "double standard" _____.

A)has vanished
B)has been succeeded by a new view
C)remains strong
D)exists across all cultures

Question 74

In the 1970s,a majority of American adults indicated that premarital sex was _____; now,a majority says that it is _____.

A)always wrong; acceptable
B)always wrong; always wrong
C)acceptable; always wrong
D)acceptable; acceptable

Question 75

Compared with heterosexual men or women,gay men have a _____,which is a bundle of neurons connecting the right and left hemispheres of the brain.

A)smaller anterior commissure
B)larger anterior commissure
C)larger medulla
D)larger optic tectum

Question 76

Which of the following refers to the "double standard"?

A)Premarital sex is wrong.
B)Women are not expected to enjoy sex.
C)Premarital sex is permissible for males but not for females.
D)Extramarital sex is permissible for males and for females.

Question 77

Approximately _____ of men and _____ of women have at least one gay or lesbian experience during adulthood.

A)50%; 25%
B)50%; 15%
C)20%; 15%
D)20%; 5%

Question 78

Which of the following statements is TRUE of masturbation?

A)Masturbation is one of the most frequently practiced sexual activities.
B)African-American men and women masturbate more than Caucasian men.
C)Masturbation leads to feelings of guilt and is considered unhealthy.
D)Female masturbation is most common in early teens and then declines,whereas males both begin and reach a maximum frequency later.

Question 79

Most experts suggest that _____ of both men and women are exclusively gay or lesbian during extended periods of their lives.

A)1%
B)5-10%
C)25%
D)15-20%

Question 80

Brain structures that may differ somewhat in gay men from those in straight men include the:

A)anterior hypothalamus
B)medulla
C)cerebellum
D)optic tectum