Deck 2: Chemical Composition of the Body

Question 1

When an atom gains one or more electrons, it

A)becomes positively charged.
B)has no change in its charge.
C)is called an anion.
D)is called a cation.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An atom with 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 6 electrons would have a net charge of

A)-1.
B)-2.
C)+1.
D)+2.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Most of the water found in the body is in the

A)blood.
B)intracellular fluid compartment.
C)extracellular fluid compartment.
D)blood and extracellular fluid compartment.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The atomic nucleus does not contain _____________, which are negatively charged subatomic particles.

A)protons
B)electrons
C)neutrons

Question 5

The _______________ electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom.

A)kernel
B)valence
C)atomic
D)anion

Question 6

The __________ is the physical space which an electron occupies in an atom.

A)nucleus
B)orbital
C)energy level
D)Both orbital and energy level are correct.

Question 7

The term "chemical element" refers to the most common isotope of that element.

Question 8

Isotopes have the same ___________ number, but a different __________ number.

A)mass, atomic
B)neutron, mass
C)atomic, mass
D)atomic, proton

Question 9

_______________ bonds are formed when atoms share electrons unequally.

A)Nonpolar covalent
B)Ionic
C)Polar covalent
D)van der Waals

Question 10

Negatively charged ions will migrate toward the anode in an electrical field.

Question 11

Neutrons are uncharged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Question 12

Hydrogen bonds form between the partially charged atoms of two polar molecules, such as the slightly negatively charged hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the slightly positively charged oxygen atom of another.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT true of isotopes of a given atom?

A)have the same number of neutrons
B)have the same number of protons
C)have different atomic masses
D)All of these choices are correct.

Question 14

An element with 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 5 electrons would have an atomic number of 15.

Question 15

Molecules with polar covalent bonds are hydrophilic.

Question 16

Water makes up _____ of the total body weight of an average adult.

A)50-60%
B)55-65%
C)60-70%
D)65-75%

Question 17

Which of the following subatomic particles have negligible mass?

A)electrons
B)neutrons
C)protons
D)Both neutrons and protons.

Question 18

Atoms sharing a pair of electrons form covalent bonds.

Question 19

When an atom loses one or more electrons, it

A)becomes positively charged.
B)becomes negatively charged.
C)is called an anion.
D)has no change in its charge.

Question 20

An element with 11 neutrons, 11 protons, and 11 electrons would have an atomic mass of __.

A)11
B)33
C)22
D)cannot be determined

Question 21

A solution of a pH above 7 is called _____________.

A)acidic
B)neutral
C)basic

Question 22

The pH of a solution is directly proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution.

Question 23

Surface tension between water molecules occurs because adjacent water molecules form _______ bonds with each other.

A)nonpolar covalent
B)polar covalent
C)hydrogen
D)ionic

Question 24

Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms are

A)ionic.
B)inorganic.
C)organic.
D)carbonic.

Question 25

Regarding acids and bases,

A)acids will increase the pH of a solution.
B)bases will decrease the pH of a solution.
C)acids will accept hydrogen ions in a solution.
D)bases will accept hydrogen ions in a solution.

Question 26

Hydration spheres can be formed by compounds which contain _______________ bonds.

A)nonpolar covalent
B)polar covalent
C)ionic
D)either polar covalent or ionic

Question 27

Bases will _______________ protons in a solution.

A)accept
B)donate
C)ignore
D)repel

Question 28

The type of bond found in sodium chloride is

A)an ionic bond.
B)a polar covalent bond.
C)a hydrogen bond.
D)a nonpolar covalent bond.

Question 29

Bonds that are formed between oxygen and hydrogen atoms within water molecules are called

A)hydrogen bonds.
B)ionic bonds.
C)nonpolar covalent bonds.
D)polar covalent bonds.

Question 30

Which of the following would be most easily broken?

A)a hydrogen bond
B)a nonpolar covalent bond
C)an ionic bond
D)a polar covalent bond

Question 31

The primary buffer in the blood is the _______________ buffer.

A)hydronium
B)ammonia
C)phosphate
D)bicarbonate

Question 32

In an acidic solution,

A)the OH^- ion concentration is greater than the H⁺ ion concentration.
B)the OH^- ion concentration is less than the H⁺ ion concentration.
C)the H⁺ ion concentration is equal to the OH^- ion concentration.
D)the H⁺ ion concentration is less than the OH^- ion concentration only if the solution is buffered.

Question 33

Organic acids contain carbonyl groups.

Question 34

Hydrophobic molecules would contain _______________ bonds.

A)nonpolar covalent
B)polar covalent
C)hydrogen
D)ionic

Question 35

The pH of a solution increases as the _______________ ion concentration decreases.

A)hydrogen
B)hydroxide
C)bicarbonate
D)sodium

Question 36

Water molecules form _______________ ions when they associate with a hydrogen ion.

A)hydroxide
B)bicarbonate
C)hydronium
D)water

Question 37

A blood pH of 7.6 is

A)indicative of acidosis.
B)indicative of alkalosis.
C)in the normal physiological range.
D)indicates effective buffering by the bicarbonate/carbonic acid system.

Question 38

Acids release hydrogen ions into solutions.

Question 39

Ammonia usually

A)acts as a base.
B)acts as an acid.
C)acts as a buffer.
D)ionizes to form a hydroxyl ion.

Question 40

As the pH of the blood decreases, the amount of hydrogen ions in the blood would decrease.

Question 41

Carbohydrate molecules have a ratio of twice as many oxygen atoms to carbon atoms.

Question 42

Ketones contain a(n) _______________ group within the carbon chain.

A)hydroxyl
B)carbonyl
C)carboxyl
D)aromatic

Question 43

Fats and carbohydrates are the primary energy stores in the body.

Question 44

Fructose is a ketone.

Question 45

Glycogen

A)is more highly branched than plant starch.
B)is a glycoprotein found in the liver.
C)is a glycolipid found in skeletal muscles.
D)is composed of alternating glucose and galactose molecules.

Question 46

An ionized organic acid is designated with the suffix - ate.

Question 47

_________ are molecules with the same ratio of atoms but different arrangements of atoms.

A)Isotopes
B)Structural isomers
C)Stereoisomers
D)Radioactive isotopes

Question 48

Covalent bonds are formed between monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis.

Question 49

The ionized form of the organic lactic acid is lactate.

Question 50

An example of an aromatic substance is

A)hexane.
B)cyclohexane.
C)fructose.
D)benzene.

Question 51

Glucose, galactose, and fructose can be considered structural isomers of each other.

Question 52

Which reaction represents a dehydration synthesis reaction?

A)Reaction A
B)Reaction B

Question 53

How many single bonds can a carbon atom form if it is double-bonded to an oxygen atom?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 54

Only L-stereoisomers are absorbed by the digestive tract and used to synthesize organic molecules.

Question 55

Glucose is stored as a polysaccharide to prevent osmosis of water into the cells.

Question 56

The addition of water with the proper enzymes to a molecule is called

A)dehydration synthesis.
B)condensation.
C)hydrolysis.
D)combustion.

Question 57

An example of a monosaccharide is

A)maltose.
B)sucrose.
C)glucose.
D)glycogen.

Question 58

A six-sided organic molecule with alternating double bonds is termed a(n)

A)aromatic compound.
B)ketone.
C)alcohol.
D)organic acid.

Question 59

Sucrose is a disaccharide that is composed of _______________ and _____________.

A)glucose, glucose
B)glucose, galactose
C)glucose, fructose
D)fructose, galactose

Question 60

Organic acids will contain

A)a carboxyl group.
B)a carbonyl group.
C)an amino group.
D)a hydroxyl group.

Question 61

Unsaturated fatty acids contain more hydrogen atoms than saturated fatty acids of the same length.

Question 62

________________ are liver synthesized derivatives of free fatty acids that can be used as an immediate source of energy by many organs.

A)Glycerols
B)Ketone bodies
C)Steroids
D)Cholesterols

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT true of steroids?

A)They have three 6-carbon rings joined to one 5-carbon ring.
B)They contain a variety of functional groups.
C)They are derived from palmitate.
D)They differ in the position of the double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms in the rings.

Question 64

Unsaturated fatty acids

A)contain one or more double bonds.
B)are usually liquid at room temperature.
C)contain a maximal number of hydrogen atoms.
D)Both contain one or more double bonds and are usually liquid at room temperature are correct.

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid?

A)prostaglandins
B)triglycerides
C)cholesterol
D)glycogen

Question 66

Phospholipids

A)are glycolipids originally isolated from the prostate gland.
B)are major components of the cell membrane.
C)have a polar head and a nonpolar tail.
D)Both are major components of the cell membrane and have a polar head and a nonpolar tail are correct.

Question 67

Steroids are derived from cholesterol.

Question 68

All amino acids contain carboxyl and amino groups.

Question 69

Rapid, uncontrolled hydrolysis of body fats can result in ketoacidosis.

Question 70

This group of organic compounds acts as surfactants:

A)carbohydrates
B)phospholipids
C)nucleic acids
D)prostaglandins

Question 71

In order to maintain proper health, total dietary fat intake should not exceed _______________ of total dietary energy intake.

A)10%
B)20%
C)30%
D)40%

Question 72

Lipids containing glycerol would include _______________ and _____________.

A)triglycerides, steroids
B)prostaglandins, phospholipids
C)triglycerides, phospholipids
D)steroids, prostaglandins

Question 73

Corticosteroids are a type of lipid commonly found in cell membranes.

Question 74

Ketosis

A)occurs when stored fats are rapidly degraded by the body.
B)stimulates an increased blood pH.
C)may lead to alkalosis.
D)occurs as the concentration of ketones in the urine decreases.

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT a derivative of cholesterol?

A)corticosteroids
B)vitamin D₃
C)aldosterone
D)lecithin

Question 76

In the formation of triglycerides,

A)hydroxyl and carbonyl groups interact.
B)amino and carbonyl groups interact.
C)carboxyl and amino groups interact.
D)carboxyl and hydroxyl groups interact.

Question 77

Which of the following polysaccharides cannot be digested by animals themselves?

A)glycogen
B)cellulose
C)starch
D)All of these can be digested by animals themselves.

Question 78

_____________ are fatty acids with a cyclic hydrocarbon group.

A)Triglycerides
B)Prostaglandins
C)Proteins
D)Carbohydrates

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT a disaccharide?

A)fructose
B)sucrose
C)maltose
D)lactose

Question 80

Which of the following describes a trans-fat?

A)Has carbon-carbon single bonds.
B)Has carbon-carbon double bonds with hydrogens on opposite sides of the bonds.
C)Has carbon-carbon double bonds with hydrogens on the same side of the bonds.
D)The fatty acids form a bent chain.