Deck 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Question 1

Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?

A)Other-conscious
B)Innate
C)Regulated
D)Synchronous

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Mario brings his mother his favorite teddy bear to comfort her when she has had a bad day at work.This demonstrates a(n)_____ emotion.

A)primary
B)self-conscious
C)negative
D)unconscious

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a primary emotion?

A)Joy
B)Anger
C)Fear
D)Pride

Answer 3

D

Question 4

_____ emotions are present in humans and other animals.

A)Self-conscious
B)Tertiary
C)Primary
D)Other-conscious

Question 5

Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy?

A)Cognition
B)Communication
C)Sensation
D)Suckling

Question 6

Emotions that are present in humans and animals and that appear in the first 6 months of the human infant's development are known as:

A)primitive emotions.
B)innate emotions.
C)primary emotions.
D)evolved emotions.

Question 7

Which of the following is an "other-conscious" emotion?

A)Interest
B)Pride
C)Disgust
D)Fear

Question 8

_____ emotions appear in the first six months of the human infant's development.

A)Primary
B)Tertiary
C)Other-conscious
D)Self-conscious

Question 9

Which of the following statements about emotions is FALSE?

A)Emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate.
B)Social relationships provide the setting for the development of a rich variety of emotions.
C)Biological evolution has endowed human beings to be emotional.
D)Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences.

Question 10

Especially in infancy,emotions play important roles in:

A)independence.
B)reciprocal socialization.
C)sensation.
D)behavioral organization.

Question 11

What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development,such as Jerome Kagan,on the infant's capacity to display emotions like guilt,pride,despair,shame,empathy,and jealousy in the first year?

A)The structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that such emotions can be experienced in the first year.
B)Infants characterized by negative affectivity are more prone to experience such emotions in the first ear.
C)The excitability of the amygdala plays an important role in the development of such emotions.
D)Cultural differences in temperament prevent Asian infants from experiencing such emotions in the first year.

Question 12

Makiko feels ashamed when her friend comes over for a playdate and teases her about wearing night-time diapers.This is an example of _____ emotions.

A)primary
B)other-worldly
C)other-conscious
D)conscious

Question 13

Five-month-old Caitlyn demonstrates surprise when an unexpected event occurs.This is a demonstration of a(n)_____ emotion.

A)negative
B)self-conscious
C)other-conscious
D)primary

Question 14

Which of the following statements about emotions is NOT true?

A)Emotions are generally classified as positive or negative.
B)Emotions are influenced by biological foundations and experiences.
C)The ability to regulate emotions is present at birth.
D)Emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate.

Question 15

Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her,especially to his or her well-being are known as:

A)temperament.
B)emotions.
C)personality trait.
D)feeling states.

Question 16

Experts on infant socioemotional development,such as Jerome Kagan,conclude that _____ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year.

A)lack of innate emotions in the infant brain
B)the structural immaturity of the infant brain
C)incomplete myelination in the first two months
D)lack of reciprocity of emotional expressions

Question 17

Most of the _____ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.

A)unconscious
B)primary
C)negative
D)self-conscious

Question 18

Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying?

A)It is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world.
B)The first cry verifies that the baby's lungs have filled with air.
C)It provides information about the health of the newborn's central nervous system.
D)Newborns respond with positive facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry.

Question 19

The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to:

A)the gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex.
B)parental history of emotional control.
C)the pace of myelination in the parietal lobe.
D)the growth of the cerebellum in the initial four months after birth.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is TRUE?

A)They are emotions that are present in humans and other animals.
B)These emotions appear in the first six months of the infant's development.
C)They include emotions like surprise,interest,joy,anger,sadness,fear,and disgust.
D)They involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated.

Question 21

Babies have three types of cries.Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A)Anger cry
B)Hunger cry
C)Pain cry
D)Basic cry

Question 22

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding separation protests?

A)The percentage of infants who engaged in separation protest varied across cultures.
B)Infants reached a peak of protest at about the same age across cultures.
C)It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months.
D)It peaks at about 15 months among U.S.infants.

Question 23

"Easy child," "difficult child," and "slow-to-warm-up child" are three basic types of _____ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas.

A)trust
B)emotion
C)attachment
D)temperament

Question 24

Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly.It is a sudden long,initial loud cry followed by breath holding.This type of cry indicates that Trey is:

A)experiencing pain.
B)experiencing embarrassment.
C)very angry.
D)very hungry.

Question 25

Nakita is 18 months old,and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her.She is displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions,_____.

A)fear
B)embarrassment
C)jealousy
D)pride

Question 26

Separation protest is characterized by:

A)rejoicing when the caregiver returns.
B)crying when the caregiver shouts.
C)crying when the caregiver leaves.
D)indifference to the whereabouts of the caregiver.

Question 27

The fear of strangers peaks:

A)in the first three months after birth.
B)toward the end of the first year of life.
C)toward the middle of the second year of life.
D)in the first six months after birth.

Question 28

Which of the following is TRUE of social smiling?

A)It does not occur in response to external stimuli.
B)It appears during the first month after birth.
C)It usually appears during sleep.
D)The external stimulus is typically a face,in the case of young infants.

Question 29

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles.Researchers call this type of smiling:

A)trust smiling.
B)social smiling.
C)reflexive smiling.
D)attachment smiling.

Question 30

In which of the following situations will nine-month-old Lucy show the LEAST stranger anxiety?

A)When she meets an unsmiling stranger at her home
B)When she meets another nine-month-old baby at her home
C)When she meets a passive stranger in an unfamiliar place
D)When she meets an aggressive stranger in an unfamiliar place

Question 31

Researchers have found that infant _____ is linked to guilt,empathy,and low aggression at six to seven years of age.

A)pride
B)embarrassment
C)fear
D)jealousy

Question 32

When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class,he was quite upset.He cried for a long time and would not play with the other children.According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas,what type of temperament does Josh have?

A)Slow-to-warm-up
B)Easy
C)Difficult
D)Inflexible

Question 33

Infants show _____ when they are in familiar settings.

A)more stranger anxiety
B)no separation protest
C)less stranger anxiety
D)more separation protest

Question 34

Researchers have found that infant fear is linked to all of the following at six to seven years of age EXCEPT:

A)guilt.
B)empathy.
C)high aggression.
D)low aggression.

Question 35

Which of the following is not true about soothing babies?

A)Developmental psychologists increasingly agree that soothing a crying baby is important to increasing trust.
B)Research shows that fathers are more likely than mothers to use soothing techniques to reduce an infant's crying.
C)Difficulty soothing at six months is linked to insecure attachment at 12 months.
D)The mother's negative emotions to the infant's crying is linked to increased risk of subsequent insecure attachment.

Question 36

The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves:

A)fear of heights.
B)separation protest.
C)stranger anxiety.
D)ostracism fear.

Question 37

When one-month-old Mai is sleeping,it often looks like she is smiling.This is an example of a _____ smile.

A)private
B)reflexive
C)natural
D)social

Question 38

_____ involves individual differences in behavioral styles,emotions,and characteristic ways of responding.

A)Attachment
B)Temperament
C)Perception
D)Social referencing

Question 39

Infancy experts Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby stress that _____ is an important ingredient in developing a strong bond between the infant and caregiver.

A)a quick,comforting response to the infant's cries
B)ignoring the infant's cries
C)forcefully telling the infant not to cry
D)responding too much to infant crying

Question 40

Sakura isn't a particularly active child,and he tends to be wary of new situations and people.Although he doesn't cry,he dislikes dealing with novel situations.According to Thomas & Chess,he would be classified as:

A)an easy child.
B)a difficult child.
C)a slow-to-warm-up child.
D)a slow child.

Question 41

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of _____ versus shame and doubt.

A)curiosity
B)dependence
C)autonomy
D)fear

Question 42

Mary Rothbart and John Bates believe that infant temperament falls into which of the following categories?

A)Emotionality,social ability,and activity level
B)Extraversion/surgency,negative affectivity,and effortful control
C)Easy,difficult,and slow-to-warm-up
D)Extraversion,introversion,and emotionality

Question 43

Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment.However,her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from going to the backyard or garden at their house.Developmental psychologists would say that this discrepancy concerns:

A)goodness of fit.
B)nonreciprocal interactions.
C)social dysfunction.
D)insecure attachment.

Question 44

Which of the following would Erik Erikson be most likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant?

A)Do not soothe the baby because he or she will be spoiled.
B)Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
C)Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child.
D)Soothe the baby every other time,so that he or she does not become dependent on external comforters.

Question 45

Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction.These researchers are studying the concept of:

A)trust.
B)attachment.
C)temperament.
D)sense of self.

Question 46

Eight-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose.Michael will most likely:

A)touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
B)touch the spot on the mirror because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
C)touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D)crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize his own reflection in the mirror.

Question 47

In North America,parents tend to prefer children with a(n)_____ temperament,whereas in China,a(n)_____ temperament is more highly valued.

A)active; inhibited
B)inhibited; active
C)inner focused; outward focused
D)outward focused; inner focused

Question 48

According to Jerome Kagan,temperament:

A)is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however,it can be modified to some degree by the environment.
B)is the result of inherited physiological characteristics and cannot be modified by the environment.
C)is minimally influenced by inherited physiological characteristics but is primarily the result of environmental input.
D)results completely from environmental factors such as parenting styles.

Question 49

According to Rothbart and Bates' new classification of temperament,in which category would Kagan's uninhibited children fit into?

A)Self-regulation
B)Negative affectivity
C)Extraversion/surgency
D)Effortful control

Question 50

Recent research has shown that the group of preschool children that have the following temperament,as classified by Rothbart and Bates,engage in more obesity-related eating disorder behavior.

A)Extraversion/surgency
B)Negative affectivity
C)Effortful control
D)Self-deregulated

Question 51

An inhibited temperament has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

A)low thyroxine level.
B)stable heart rate.
C)high level of the hormone cortisol.
D)high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.

Question 52

The recent focus on _____ emphasizes that individuals can engage in a more cognitive,flexible approach to stressful circumstances.

A)extraversion
B)extreme inhibition
C)negative affectivity
D)effortful control

Question 53

Twenty-four-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose.Tyler will most likely:

A)touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
B)touch the spot on the mirror because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
C)touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D)crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.

Question 54

Betty and Allen's child,Cara,is usually in a pleasant mood.She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes.According to Chess and Thomas,Cara would be classified as:

A)a passive child.
B)an easy child.
C)a slow-to-warm-up child.
D)an inhibited child.

Question 55

According to Jerome Kagan,children with the following type of temperament at age two to three later related to social phobia symptoms at seven years of age:

A)Inhibited
B)Extremely uninhibited
C)Intermediate
D)Surgent

Question 56

Alex is considered to have a difficult temperament.According to the differential susceptibility model and the biological sensitivity to context model,which of the following is MOST accurate?

A)Alex will fail every time he is put in a difficult situation.
B)Alex will have difficulty in adverse situations and will also be less likely to grow from supportive situations.
C)Alex will have difficulty in adverse situations and will also be more likely to grow from supportive situations.
D)Alex will succeed in adverse situations,but not grow much from supportive situations.

Question 57

In their longitudinal investigation,Chess and Thomas found that _____ percent of the children they studied could be classified as easy.

A)25
B)30
C)40
D)55

Question 58

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

A)Overprotectiveness and criticism
B)Neglectfulness and indifference
C)Enmeshment and fear
D)Patience and tolerance

Question 59

Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on:

A)inhibition to the unfamiliar.
B)positive or negative mood state.
C)effortful control.
D)(hyper)activity level.

Question 60

_____ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

A)Social referencing
B)Secure attachment
C)Goodness of fit
D)Reciprocal socialization

Question 61

Which of the following characterizes phase 1 of Bowlby's model of attachment?

A)Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
B)Children become aware of others' feelings,goals,and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
C)Attachment becomes focused on one figure,usually the primary caregiver.
D)Infants start to lose attachment to their primary caregivers.

Question 62

Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than previously envisioned.In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?

A)In infants' perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal-directed
B)In infants' awareness of their selves as an independent entity
C)In infants' development of more finely refined sensory perceptions,such as vision and hearing
D)In infants' ability to manipulate objects in an effective manner

Question 63

Which of the following observations about social orientation of infants is FALSE?

A)As early as two to three months of age,infants show more negative emotions when their caregivers are still and unresponsive.
B)The frequency of face-to-face play decreases after seven months of age as infants become more mobile.
C)At two to three months of age,most infants expect people to react positively when the infants initiate a positive behavior.
D)Infants' affect displays during the still-face paradigm are not linked to secure attachment during infancy.

Question 64

What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?

A)Social referencing
B)Deferred imitation
C)Infinite generativity
D)Reciprocal socialization

Question 65

Which concept helps the infant to understand that other people have intentions?

A)Habituation
B)Joint attention
C)Core knowledge approach
D)The A-not-B error

Question 66

According to Freud,infants become attached to the person or object:

A)that is perceived to be a non-stranger.
B)that provides physical comfort.
C)that provides oral satisfaction.
D)that provides a sense of trust.

Question 67

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,what is the time period of phase 2?

A)From 2 to 7 months
B)From birth to 2 months
C)From 12 to 24 months
D)From 8 to 12 months

Question 68

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,which of the following occurs during phase 3?

A)Attachment becomes focused on one figure,usually the primary caregiver,as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.
B)Strangers,siblings,and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.
C)Children become aware of others' feelings,goals,and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
D)With increased locomotor skills,babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers,such as the mother or father.

Question 69

According to Erikson,_____ are keys to establishing a basic trust in infants.

A)physical comfort and sensitive care
B)feeding and physical comfort
C)contact comfort and feeding
D)oral satisfaction and physical comfort

Question 70

According to John Bowlby,at what age do infants or children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?

A)Before 6 months
B)Between 12 to 18 months
C)Between 18 to 20 months
D)From 24 months onwards

Question 71

Juan has been showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play.He goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running.Juan is probably:

A)around six months old.
B)between six and nine months old.
C)between 12 and 18 months old.
D)between 18 and 24 months old.

Question 72

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,which of the following is the time period for phase 3?

A)From birth to 2 months
B)From 2 to 7 months
C)From 7 to 24 months
D)From 24 months on

Question 73

In which of the following phases of Bowlby's model of attachment does attachment become focused on one figure,usually the primary caregiver?

A)Phase 3
B)Phase 1
C)Phase 2
D)Phase 4

Question 74

During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,what is most likely to occur?

A)An infant will show signs of attachment toward the caregiver and anxiety toward strangers.
B)An infant will begin to attach to one person and can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.
C)An infant is securely attached to the mother but is still trying to form an attachment with the father.
D)An infant is likely to exhibit smiling or crying in response to strangers,siblings,or parents.

Question 75

Which of the following would be considered a result of an infant who is having increased locomotive skills (walking,crawling,etc),during their second year of life?

A)Increase in face-to-face play
B)Increased independent social interchanges
C)Coincidental cooperative behavior
D)Decreased expectation of positive interaction

Question 76

By two to three months of age,most infants expect people to react positively when the infants initiate a behavior,such as a smile or a vocalization.This finding has been discovered using a method called the:

A)regulation of affect.
B)parallel paradigm.
C)still-face paradigm.
D)interactive repair.

Question 77

Quimby,15 months old,looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home.Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice.Quimby is engaging in:

A)social checking.
B)social scoping.
C)social referencing.
D)social validation.

Question 78

What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers?

A)Contact comfort is not the crucial element in the attachment process.
B)Feeding is the crucial element in the attachment process.
C)Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process.
D)Feeding and contact comfort are equally important in the attachment process.

Question 79

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,how long does phase 1 last?

A)From 10 to 18 months
B)From birth to 2 months
C)From 2 to 7 months
D)From 18 to 24 months

Question 80

Tara holds her two-month-old daughter,Sonia,close to her,makes eye contact,and smiles and sings softly to her.Tara is engaging in:

A)face-to-face play.
B)parallel play.
C)joint attention.
D)imitation.