Deck 10: Nutrition Through the Life Span - Pregnancy and Infancy

Question 1

A pregnant woman's daily energy needs increase by ____ kcalories in the second trimester, and _____ kcalories in the third trimester.​

A) ​340, 450
B) ​300, 500
C) ​440, 550
D) ​400, 600
E) ​500, 700

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A low-birthweight baby has a statistically greater chance of contracting diseases and dying early in life.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Breast milk or infant formula normally provides enough water to replace fluid losses in healthy infants.​

Answer 3

True

Question 4

​Most prescription medications taken by a breastfeeding mother will reach the infant through breast milk and can adversely impact the infant's health.

Question 5

​During pregnancy, if the development of a fetal organ is limited during a critical period, recovery of the organ is impossible.

Question 6

Pregnant women who are vegans should get their protein from _____.​

A) ​protein supplements
B) ​high-protein smoothies
C) ​legumes, whole grains, nuts, and seeds
D) ​milk, yogurt, and cheese
E) ​eggs and tofu

Question 7

The RDA for protein during pregnancy is an additional _____ grams per day.​

A) ​10
B) ​15
C) ​20
D) ​25
E) ​30

Question 8

​To avoid development of neural tube defects, a pregnant woman should begin taking 600 mcg of folate supplements by the end of the first trimester.

Question 9

Obese pregnant women face a variety of potential health complications because of their weight, including premature delivery, gestational diabetes, and _____.​

A) ​delivery of a low-birthweight baby
B) ​orthostatic hypotension
C) ​an increased risk of ovarian cancer
D) ​infection after the birth
E) ​depression and anxiety

Question 10

​A pregnant mother wants to increase her intake of folate by choosing foods that are natural sources of the nutrient. The mother should be counseled to increase her intake of what food?

A) ​yogurt
B) ​beets
C) ​chicken
D) ​apples
E) ​carrots

Question 11

Spina bifida, characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement, may be manifested by what features after birth?​

A) ​absence of one or more digits in the hands and feet
B) ​wide-set eyes, a flat philtrum, and a prominent forehead
C) ​muscle weakness and mental handicaps
D) ​spastic reflexes, irritability, and tremor
E) ​partial or complete absence of brain tissue

Question 12

​Preeclampsia usually occurs with first pregnancies and almost always occurs after 20 weeks' gestation.

Question 13

Because weight loss during pregnancy is not recommended, even obese women are advised to gain between 25 and 35 pounds for the best chance of delivering a healthy infant.​

Question 14

Ample carbohydrate is needed by the pregnant woman in order to _____.​

A) ​raise blood glucose levels
B) ​fuel the fetal brain and spare protein needed for fetal growth
C) ​provide adequate protein
D) ​increase glycogen stores in the fetus
E) ​eliminate excess fat to prevent weight gain

Question 15

​The most common cause of sore nipples during breastfeeding is a poor letdown reflex.

Question 16

Individual food cravings during pregnancy often reflect real physiological needs of the pregnant woman.​

Question 17

Nutrients and oxygen travel to the developing fetus via the _____.​

A) ​placenta
B) ​amniotic sac
C) ​lungs
D) ​intestines
E) ​fallopian tubes

Question 18

The most potent single predictor of an infant's future health status is _____.​

A) ​the rate of the mother's recovery
B) ​the infant's birthweight
C) ​the age at which the infant first learns to walk
D) ​the ease and speed of delivery
E) ​the infant's temperature at birth

Question 19

A pregnant woman can protect against lead toxicity by increasing dietary calcium intake.​

Question 20

​Jane does not eat many fruits and vegetables and she dislikes dairy products. To increase her calcium intake, you would recommend that she consume plenty of _____.

A) ​crab meat
B) ​calcium-fortified orange juice
C) ​black or navy beans
D) ​ham
E) ​gelatin

Question 21

A pregnant woman wants to continue to exercise throughout her pregnancy. What activity would be most appropriate to recommend?​ A pregnant woman wants to continue to exercise throughout her pregnancy. What activity would be most appropriate to recommend?

A) ​Running
B) ​Horseback riding
C) ​Soccer
D) ​Swimming
E) ​Tennis

Question 22

​What advice is most appropriate for a pregnant woman to prevent listeriosis during pregnancy?

A) ​Avoid certain types of cheese, including cheddar, mozzarella, and Colby.
B) ​Do not eat hot dogs or sausages until after pregnancy has ended.
C) ​Wash all fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating.
D) ​Avoid any type of fish, including catfish or salmon.
E) ​Do not consume dairy products unless they contain at least 1% milk fat.

Question 23

The warning signs of preeclampsia include _____.​

A) ​low hematocrit, high blood glucose, and ketones in the urine
B) ​high blood glucose, glucose in the urine, and agitation
C) ​hypertension, edema, and protein in the urine
D) ​high blood glucose and blood in the urine
E) ​chest pain and numbness and tingling in the extremities

Question 24

​Without proper management of pre-existing diabetes, a woman may face which potential complication associated with pregnancy?

A) ​bone loss and osteoporosis
B) ​infertility
C) ​increased pregnancy-related discomforts
D) ​neural tube defects
E) ​an increased risk of fetal demise

Question 25

​What changes would most improve the adequacy of this menu?

A) ​including more meat and reducing the amount of grains
B) ​including more fruits and vegetables
C) ​including more dairy products
D) ​including more sources of unsaturated fats and oils
E) ​including more milk and adding 1 to 2 sweets

Question 26

What food would most likely be provided by the WIC program?​

A) ​granola bars
B) ​butter
C) ​tuna
D) ​nuts
E) ​chicken

Question 27

Because of concern about mercury contamination, pregnant women are advised to avoid _____.​

A) ​king mackerel
B) ​shrimp
C) ​catfish
D) ​flounder
E) ​halibut

Question 28

A woman who has gained 50 pounds during her pregnancy asks about weight loss after delivery of the baby. The typical woman who gains excess weight during pregnancy often has which weight loss outcome?​

A) ​She retains excess weight after pregnancy in the form of fat
B) ​She returns to her prepregnancy weight within three months
C) ​She loses most to all of her weight and weighs less than before pregnancy
D) ​She returns to her prepregnancy weight within two years
E) ​She retains excess weight after pregnancy in the form of accumulated fluids

Question 29

Mrs. Allen asks about drinking coffee during her pregnancy, stating that she "needs" to have her morning cup of coffee every day. What information regarding caffeine intake during pregnancy is most appropriate?​

A) ​A woman may safely consume up to 200 mg of caffeine daily during pregnancy.
B) ​Caffeine does not cross the placental barrier, so caffeine intake need not be limited.
C) ​Caffeine has been shown to cause seizures in infants when used daily during pregnancy.
D) ​A woman may safely consume 4 to 5 caffeinated beverages per day during pregnancy.
E) ​There is no amount of caffeine that is considered safe during pregnancy and it should be avoided.

Question 30

Herbal supplements during pregnancy are _____.​

A) ​generally considered safe
B) ​not necessary to discuss with the physician since they can be purchased over the counter
C) ​not recommended due to lack of evidence about their safety and effectiveness
D) ​recommended for relieving nausea only
E) ​only considered safe during the first trimester

Question 31

​A pregnant woman with low hemoglobin must take a 30 mg iron supplement. To enhance iron absorption, the woman should take the supplement _____.

A) ​just before bed at night
B) ​30 minutes after a meal and with a glass of milk
C) ​during a meal
D) ​immediately after waking
E) ​between meals and with water or juice

Question 32

When counseling Mrs. Chamberlin regarding the heartburn she is experiencing during pregnancy, what advice should be given that would help relieve symptoms?​

A) ​eat foods high in fiber
B) ​take iron supplements on an empty stomach
C) ​limit meals to three a day
D) ​avoid foods with offensive odors
E) ​sit up while eating

Question 33

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) include what associated characteristics at birth?​

A) ​infection with Streptococcus
B) ​unusual skin rash
C) ​facial and vision abnormalities
D) ​spinal curvature and muscle weakness
E) ​lack of brown fat

Question 34

A physically fit woman who is pregnant continues to exercise throughout her pregnancy. Staying active during the course of a healthy pregnancy has been shown to establish which outcome?​

A) ​Preventing neural tube defects
B) ​Facilitating bonding between the mother and her infant
C) ​Preventing excess hemorrhage during delivery
D) ​Improving attempts at breastfeeding
E) ​Reducing psychological distress

Question 35

Nora, who is pregnant, awakens at 2:00 a.m. craving pickles. The craving probably indicates that ____.

A) ​she drank too much water last night
B) ​she isn't getting enough sleep at night
C) ​her body needs extra salt, which can be found in the pickles
D) ​she is experiencing hormone-induced changes in taste

Question 36

The American Academy of Pediatrics' position on alcohol consumption and pregnancy is that _____.​

A) ​women should not consume more than 2 alcoholic beverages throughout pregnancy
B) ​women should not drink any amount of alcohol past the second trimester
C) ​women can safely consume 1 alcoholic beverage on an occasional basis during pregnancy
D) ​women should discontinue drinking alcohol as soon as they learn they are pregnant
E) ​women should not drink alcohol as soon as they plan to become pregnant

Question 37

Although smoking during pregnancy has been associated with a number of risks to both the mother and the fetus, approximately _____ percent of pregnant women in the United States still choose to smoke.​

A) ​6
B) ​12
C) ​19
D) ​26
E) ​35

Question 38

An obese women should gain _____ pounds during pregnancy.​

A) ​5-7
B) ​11-20
C) ​17-24
D) ​25-35
E) ​35-50

Question 39

Women who enter pregnancy with iron-deficiency anemia have a greater risk of _____.​

A) ​preterm delivery
B) ​excessive weight gain
C) ​inadequate weight gain
D) ​gestational diabetes
E) ​high blood pressure

Question 40

A physician has recommended that a pregnant mother take a daily multivitamin-mineral supplement to support nutrient intake during pregnancy. This type of supplement typically contains more of which elements designed for prenatal nutrition?​

A) ​vitamins A and E
B) magnesium, zinc, and choline​
C) ​sodium and potassium
D) ​folic acid, iron, and calcium
E) ​iron, vitamin C, and phosphorus

Question 41

What factor contributes to an iron deficiency risk for Deborah?​

A) ​her ethnicity
B) ​her age
C) ​her limited financial means
D) ​her usual eating style
E) ​her weight

Question 42

Deborah, age 24, is a Caucasian woman who is attending her first prenatal appointment with the clinic obstetrician. Deborah is single and employed in a minimum-wage job with limited financial resources. She resides with her mother. In the first month of her pregnancy, Deborah has experienced mild nausea but no vomiting, and has had a ravenous appetite. Because she works as a waitress, she has access to balanced meals at breakfast and lunch, whereas at home she and her mother primarily eat ready-to-eat dinners, and occasionally make a home-cooked meal. She is a well-appearing, normal-weight woman with no known medical conditions. She is taking no medications except for an over-the-counter prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement, which she began on her own the day she administered her pregnancy self-test two weeks ago. She does not smoke nor drink alcohol. Because she does not own a car, she walks about four miles a day; however, she has been very tired and may need to decrease the number of shifts she works at the restaurant if that continues.
​
​Deborah needs more iron in her diet in addition to the prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement that she takes. What foods are recommended for Deborah to increase her supply of heme iron before and during pregnancy?

A) ​citrus fruits
B) ​legumes
C) ​seafood
D) ​dark green vegetables
E) ​eggs

Question 43

​A breastfeeding mother is worried that her baby will develop food allergies if she eats peanuts or tree nuts before breastfeeding. food allergies do not develop after breastfeeding, but they do develop if the infant is formula fedCurrent evidence regarding breastfeeding and food allergies states that _____.

A) ​women who breastfeed will prevent development of food allergies in their infants
B) ​breastfeeding after eating peanuts increases the risk of an allergy to that food
C) ​food allergies do not develop after breastfeeding, but they do develop if the infant is formula fed
D) ​breastfeeding after eating spicy foods can increase the risk of food allergies
E) ​dietary restrictions will not prevent or delay food allergies in infants

Question 44

The social worker at the prenatal clinic determines that Deborah is eligible for WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children). This program provides _____.​

A) ​nutrition counseling
B) ​assistance with helping women breastfeed their babies
C) ​formula, bottles, and nipples for infant feedings
D) ​prenatal vitamins for pregnant mothers
E) ​breastfeeding supplies, such as breast pumps

Question 45

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics support exclusive breastfeeding until an infant is _____ months old.​

A) ​1
B) ​3
C) ​6
D) ​9
E) ​12

Question 46

To meet her increased energy needs, a breastfeeding woman is advised to consume an extra _____ kcalories per day until her infant is 6 months old.​

A) ​170
B) ​330
C) ​430
D) ​500
E) ​625

Question 47

Deborah, age 24, is a Caucasian woman who is attending her first prenatal appointment with the clinic obstetrician. Deborah is single and employed in a minimum-wage job with limited financial resources. She resides with her mother. In the first month of her pregnancy, Deborah has experienced mild nausea but no vomiting, and has had a ravenous appetite. Because she works as a waitress, she has access to balanced meals at breakfast and lunch, whereas at home she and her mother primarily eat ready-to-eat dinners, and occasionally make a home-cooked meal. She is a well-appearing, normal-weight woman with no known medical conditions. She is taking no medications except for an over-the-counter prenatal vitamin-mineral supplement, which she began on her own the day she administered her pregnancy self-test two weeks ago. She does not smoke nor drink alcohol. Because she does not own a car, she walks about four miles a day; however, she has been very tired and may need to decrease the number of shifts she works at the restaurant if that continues.
​
Deborah receives affirmation for choosing taking vitamin-mineral supplements to support her health. Prenatal supplements may be especially beneficial in preventing which risk to the fetus?​

A) ​placental abruption
B) ​low infant birthweight
C) ​hyperbilirubinemia
D) ​neonatal sepsis
E) ​infant respiratory distress syndrome

Question 48

In the United States, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at six months is about _____.​

A) ​11%
B) ​19%
C) ​28%
D) ​35%
E) ​44%

Question 49

The only acceptable alternative to breast milk is _____.​

A) ​goat's milk
B) ​cow's milk
C) ​iron-fortified infant formula
D) ​low-iron infant formula
E) ​10 percent dextrose water

Question 50

Milk moves to the front of the breast when an infant begins to nurse. This is called the _____.​

A) ​rooting reflex
B) ​initial force
C) ​infant grasp
D) ​letdown reflex
E) ​mammary descent

Question 51

​The ideal time for the first breastfeeding is _____.

A) ​immediately after delivery
B) ​one hour after delivery
C) ​immediately after the infant's first bath
D) ​within 24 hours of delivery
E) ​after determining the infant's gestational age

Question 52

​In order to best protect herself against dehydration, a lactating woman is advised to drink ____ of fluid per day.

A) ​2-3 cups
B) ​8 cups
C) ​9-10 cups
D) ​13 cups
E) ​20-22 cups

Question 53

A breastfeeding mother should _____.​

A) ​feed her infant on a schedule to ensure he eats at least 8 times each day
B) ​allow the infant to suckle about 4 minutes on each breast
C) ​always offer the same breast to the infant first when feeding
D) ​allow the infant to suckle on the first breast offered as long as he likes
E) ​give the infant a small amount of water between feedings to maintain hydration

Question 54

What do experts cite as one of the most common deterrents to breastfeeding?​

A) ​fear and social anxiety
B) ​the medical community's failure to encourage breastfeeding
C) ​the difficulty in breastfeeding for working mothers
D) ​post-partum depression
E) ​the lack of education about how to breastfeed properly

Question 55

Breastfeeding has been shown to have which benefit for the nursing infant?​

A) ​reduced risk of SIDS
B) ​protection against cancer later in life
C) ​improved temperature regulation
D) ​increased development of reflexes and skeletal muscles
E) ​improved psychological development

Question 56

​If a lactating woman's diet is poor, her milk _____.

A) ​quantity will be normal but the nutrient quality will be poor
B) ​will be thin and watery
C) ​quality will be maintained at the expense of maternal stores
D) ​will contain toxic products
E) ​will dry up more quickly

Question 57

To successfully breastfeed her infant, what steps should a mother be encouraged to perform?​

A) ​Push the infant's face toward her nipple.
B) ​Hold her breast with her hand behind the areola.
C) ​Touch the infant's nose to her nipple.
D) ​Apply lotion to the nipple to keep it soft.
E) ​Use a breast pump prior to attempting to breastfeed.

Question 58

​Kelly is a 16-year-old adolescent who is 19 weeks' pregnant with her first child. What factors increase the risk of low birthweight and infant death among teen pregnancies?

A) ​The adolescent mother is more likely to have gestational diabetes
B) ​The adolescent mother is less likely to seek early prenatal care
C) ​The adolescent mother will likely gain more weight during pregnancy
D) ​The adolescent mother is more likely to have gestational hypertension
E) ​The adolescent mother is at greater risk of contracting listeriosis

Question 59

After reading a clinic brochure on prenatal nutrition, Deborah discovers that she can "kill two birds with one stone" by eating more _____, which is a good source of both iron and zinc, minerals that might be lacking in the average pregnant woman's diet.​

A) ​meat
B) ​yogurt
C) ​salad vegetables
D) ​citrus fruits
E) ​bread

Question 60

A lactating mother wants to breastfeed but she has a short-term prescription for antibiotics that have been shown to cross into breast milk and that could affect her baby. What solution is most appropriate in this situation to protect the health of this mother and her baby?​

A) ​Have the mother continue to breastfeed and monitor for the medication's effects on the baby.
B) ​Tell the mother to discontinue breastfeeding until she has finished taking her medication.
C) ​Explain that the mother should discontinue taking the medication.
D) ​Have the mother use a breast pump and discard the milk until the medication is complete.
E) ​Encourage the mother to take her medication with a large glass of water.

Question 61

Matching​
a. an organ in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen
b. an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type​
c. ​an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect that occurs when the brain is either missing or fails to develop fully
d. one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
e. ​a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of a nipple
f. ​a condition that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
g. ​infection of a breast
h. the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm
i. ​a serious foodborne infection caused by bacteria that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn
j. a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
k. the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed excessive alcohol during her pregnancy
l.​the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
m. ​overfilling of the breasts with milk
n. ​the stage of development in which the blastocyst embeds itself into the wall of the uterus and begins to develop
o. a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
p. ​the period of about 40 weeks from conception to birth
q. ​the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
r. a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems
s. strong desires to avoid certain foods during pregnancy
t. ​glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
​preeclampsia

Question 62

Matching​
a. an organ in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen
b. an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type​
c. ​an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect that occurs when the brain is either missing or fails to develop fully
d. one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
e. ​a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of a nipple
f. ​a condition that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
g. ​infection of a breast
h. the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm
i. ​a serious foodborne infection caused by bacteria that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn
j. a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
k. the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed excessive alcohol during her pregnancy
l.​the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
m. ​overfilling of the breasts with milk
n. ​the stage of development in which the blastocyst embeds itself into the wall of the uterus and begins to develop
o. a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
p. ​the period of about 40 weeks from conception to birth
q. ​the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
r. a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems
s. strong desires to avoid certain foods during pregnancy
t. ​glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
​fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Question 63

Carrie is days away from delivering her first baby. She has been contemplating breastfeeding for its nutritional and immunological benefits, and has been reading about breastfeeding and talking to mothers who breastfed their babies. The birthing center where she receives prenatal care, and where she will deliver her baby, has scheduled Carrie to meet with its lactation expert. Carrie has read the birthing center's "Guide to Successful Breastfeeding," and is prepared to ask the lactation expert about relaxation techniques. Not only is Carrie "high-strung" by nature, but she is quite anxious about the childbirth process, let alone the prospect of breastfeeding. Imagine you are the lactation expert who is counseling Carrie.
​
​Carrie's infant can be expected to need about how many feedings per 24-hour period during the first month or so?

A) ​1-3
B) ​5-7
C) ​8-12
D) ​15-18
E) ​18-24

Question 64

Matching​
a. an organ in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen
b. an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type​
c. ​an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect that occurs when the brain is either missing or fails to develop fully
d. one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
e. ​a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of a nipple
f. ​a condition that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
g. ​infection of a breast
h. the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm
i. ​a serious foodborne infection caused by bacteria that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn
j. a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
k. the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed excessive alcohol during her pregnancy
l.​the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
m. ​overfilling of the breasts with milk
n. ​the stage of development in which the blastocyst embeds itself into the wall of the uterus and begins to develop
o. a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
p. ​the period of about 40 weeks from conception to birth
q. ​the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
r. a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems
s. strong desires to avoid certain foods during pregnancy
t. ​glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
​gestation

Question 65

Carrie is days away from delivering her first baby. She has been contemplating breastfeeding for its nutritional and immunological benefits, and has been reading about breastfeeding and talking to mothers who breastfed their babies. The birthing center where she receives prenatal care, and where she will deliver her baby, has scheduled Carrie to meet with its lactation expert. Carrie has read the birthing center's "Guide to Successful Breastfeeding," and is prepared to ask the lactation expert about relaxation techniques. Not only is Carrie "high-strung" by nature, but she is quite anxious about the childbirth process, let alone the prospect of breastfeeding. Imagine you are the lactation expert who is counseling Carrie.
​
Carrie can best prepare to breastfeed her infant after delivery by performing which step?​

A) ​Routinely applying lotion to her nipples
B) ​Acquiring two nursing bras with flaps that open in the front
C) ​Using a breast pump four times daily to stimulate the letdown reflex
D) ​Regularly washing her breasts with soap and warm water
E) ​Applying a warm wash cloth to each breast for several minutes a day

Question 66

Carrie is days away from delivering her first baby. She has been contemplating breastfeeding for its nutritional and immunological benefits, and has been reading about breastfeeding and talking to mothers who breastfed their babies. The birthing center where she receives prenatal care, and where she will deliver her baby, has scheduled Carrie to meet with its lactation expert. Carrie has read the birthing center's "Guide to Successful Breastfeeding," and is prepared to ask the lactation expert about relaxation techniques. Not only is Carrie "high-strung" by nature, but she is quite anxious about the childbirth process, let alone the prospect of breastfeeding. Imagine you are the lactation expert who is counseling Carrie.
​
Carrie will most likely be successful with breastfeeding if she follows which practice?​

A) ​breastfeeding the infant on demand
B) ​increasing her intake of iron-rich foods
C) ​restricting fluids the first 48 hours
D) ​providing a pacifier between feedings
E) ​offering breast milk on a set schedule

Question 67

Matching​
a. an organ in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen
b. an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type​
c. ​an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect that occurs when the brain is either missing or fails to develop fully
d. one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
e. ​a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of a nipple
f. ​a condition that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
g. ​infection of a breast
h. the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm
i. ​a serious foodborne infection caused by bacteria that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn
j. a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
k. the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed excessive alcohol during her pregnancy
l.​the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
m. ​overfilling of the breasts with milk
n. ​the stage of development in which the blastocyst embeds itself into the wall of the uterus and begins to develop
o. a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
p. ​the period of about 40 weeks from conception to birth
q. ​the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
r. a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems
s. strong desires to avoid certain foods during pregnancy
t. ​glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
​fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 68

Matching​
a. an organ in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen
b. an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type​
c. ​an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect that occurs when the brain is either missing or fails to develop fully
d. one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
e. ​a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of a nipple
f. ​a condition that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
g. ​infection of a breast
h. the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm
i. ​a serious foodborne infection caused by bacteria that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn
j. a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
k. the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed excessive alcohol during her pregnancy
l.​the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
m. ​overfilling of the breasts with milk
n. ​the stage of development in which the blastocyst embeds itself into the wall of the uterus and begins to develop
o. a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
p. ​the period of about 40 weeks from conception to birth
q. ​the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
r. a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems
s. strong desires to avoid certain foods during pregnancy
t. ​glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
​exclusive breastfeeding

Question 69

Matching​
a. an organ in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen
b. an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type​
c. ​an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect that occurs when the brain is either missing or fails to develop fully
d. one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
e. ​a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of a nipple
f. ​a condition that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
g. ​infection of a breast
h. the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm
i. ​a serious foodborne infection caused by bacteria that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn
j. a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
k. the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed excessive alcohol during her pregnancy
l.​the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
m. ​overfilling of the breasts with milk
n. ​the stage of development in which the blastocyst embeds itself into the wall of the uterus and begins to develop
o. a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
p. ​the period of about 40 weeks from conception to birth
q. ​the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
r. a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems
s. strong desires to avoid certain foods during pregnancy
t. ​glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
​food aversions

Question 70

Matching​
a. an organ in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen
b. an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type​
c. ​an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect that occurs when the brain is either missing or fails to develop fully
d. one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
e. ​a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of a nipple
f. ​a condition that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
g. ​infection of a breast
h. the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm
i. ​a serious foodborne infection caused by bacteria that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn
j. a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
k. the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed excessive alcohol during her pregnancy
l.​the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
m. ​overfilling of the breasts with milk
n. ​the stage of development in which the blastocyst embeds itself into the wall of the uterus and begins to develop
o. a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
p. ​the period of about 40 weeks from conception to birth
q. ​the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
r. a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems
s. strong desires to avoid certain foods during pregnancy
t. ​glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
​high-risk pregnancy

Question 71

Matching​
a. an organ in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen
b. an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type​
c. ​an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect that occurs when the brain is either missing or fails to develop fully
d. one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
e. ​a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of a nipple
f. ​a condition that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
g. ​infection of a breast
h. the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm
i. ​a serious foodborne infection caused by bacteria that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn
j. a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
k. the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed excessive alcohol during her pregnancy
l.​the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
m. ​overfilling of the breasts with milk
n. ​the stage of development in which the blastocyst embeds itself into the wall of the uterus and begins to develop
o. a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
p. ​the period of about 40 weeks from conception to birth
q. ​the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
r. a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems
s. strong desires to avoid certain foods during pregnancy
t. ​glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
​anencephaly

Question 72

Matching​
a. an organ in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen
b. an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type​
c. ​an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect that occurs when the brain is either missing or fails to develop fully
d. one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
e. ​a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of a nipple
f. ​a condition that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
g. ​infection of a breast
h. the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm
i. ​a serious foodborne infection caused by bacteria that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn
j. a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
k. the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed excessive alcohol during her pregnancy
l.​the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
m. ​overfilling of the breasts with milk
n. ​the stage of development in which the blastocyst embeds itself into the wall of the uterus and begins to develop
o. a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
p. ​the period of about 40 weeks from conception to birth
q. ​the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
r. a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems
s. strong desires to avoid certain foods during pregnancy
t. ​glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
​lactation

Question 73

Carrie is days away from delivering her first baby. She has been contemplating breastfeeding for its nutritional and immunological benefits, and has been reading about breastfeeding and talking to mothers who breastfed their babies. The birthing center where she receives prenatal care, and where she will deliver her baby, has scheduled Carrie to meet with its lactation expert. Carrie has read the birthing center's "Guide to Successful Breastfeeding," and is prepared to ask the lactation expert about relaxation techniques. Not only is Carrie "high-strung" by nature, but she is quite anxious about the childbirth process, let alone the prospect of breastfeeding. Imagine you are the lactation expert who is counseling Carrie.
​
How long will Carrie breastfeed her infant if she follows the advice of the American Academy of Pediatrics?​

A) ​the first week of life
B) ​the first six weeks of life
C) ​the six months of life
D) ​the first nine months of life
E) ​the first year of life

Question 74

Carrie is days away from delivering her first baby. She has been contemplating breastfeeding for its nutritional and immunological benefits, and has been reading about breastfeeding and talking to mothers who breastfed their babies. The birthing center where she receives prenatal care, and where she will deliver her baby, has scheduled Carrie to meet with its lactation expert. Carrie has read the birthing center's "Guide to Successful Breastfeeding," and is prepared to ask the lactation expert about relaxation techniques. Not only is Carrie "high-strung" by nature, but she is quite anxious about the childbirth process, let alone the prospect of breastfeeding. Imagine you are the lactation expert who is counseling Carrie.
​
Carrie begins breastfeeding but her nipples quickly become sore. A likely cause is _____.​

A) ​her infant does not have a rooting reflex
B) ​her maternal letdown reflex is unresponsive
C) ​she is holding the infant in an improper feeding position
D) ​she has inverted nipples
E) ​she uses a nipple shield to breastfeed

Question 75

Matching​
a. an organ in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen
b. an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type​
c. ​an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect that occurs when the brain is either missing or fails to develop fully
d. one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
e. ​a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of a nipple
f. ​a condition that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
g. ​infection of a breast
h. the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm
i. ​a serious foodborne infection caused by bacteria that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn
j. a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
k. the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed excessive alcohol during her pregnancy
l.​the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
m. ​overfilling of the breasts with milk
n. ​the stage of development in which the blastocyst embeds itself into the wall of the uterus and begins to develop
o. a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
p. ​the period of about 40 weeks from conception to birth
q. ​the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
r. a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems
s. strong desires to avoid certain foods during pregnancy
t. ​glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
​implantation

Question 76

Matching​
a. an organ in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen
b. an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type​
c. ​an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect that occurs when the brain is either missing or fails to develop fully
d. one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
e. ​a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of a nipple
f. ​a condition that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
g. ​infection of a breast
h. the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm
i. ​a serious foodborne infection caused by bacteria that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn
j. a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
k. the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed excessive alcohol during her pregnancy
l.​the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
m. ​overfilling of the breasts with milk
n. ​the stage of development in which the blastocyst embeds itself into the wall of the uterus and begins to develop
o. a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
p. ​the period of about 40 weeks from conception to birth
q. ​the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
r. a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems
s. strong desires to avoid certain foods during pregnancy
t. ​glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
​gestational diabetes

Question 77

Matching​
a. an organ in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen
b. an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type​
c. ​an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect that occurs when the brain is either missing or fails to develop fully
d. one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
e. ​a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of a nipple
f. ​a condition that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
g. ​infection of a breast
h. the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm
i. ​a serious foodborne infection caused by bacteria that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn
j. a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
k. the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed excessive alcohol during her pregnancy
l.​the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
m. ​overfilling of the breasts with milk
n. ​the stage of development in which the blastocyst embeds itself into the wall of the uterus and begins to develop
o. a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
p. ​the period of about 40 weeks from conception to birth
q. ​the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
r. a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems
s. strong desires to avoid certain foods during pregnancy
t. ​glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
​placenta

Question 78

Matching​
a. an organ in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen
b. an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type​
c. ​an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect that occurs when the brain is either missing or fails to develop fully
d. one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
e. ​a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of a nipple
f. ​a condition that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
g. ​infection of a breast
h. the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm
i. ​a serious foodborne infection caused by bacteria that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn
j. a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
k. the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed excessive alcohol during her pregnancy
l.​the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
m. ​overfilling of the breasts with milk
n. ​the stage of development in which the blastocyst embeds itself into the wall of the uterus and begins to develop
o. a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
p. ​the period of about 40 weeks from conception to birth
q. ​the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
r. a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems
s. strong desires to avoid certain foods during pregnancy
t. ​glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
​critical period

Question 79

Matching​
a. an organ in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen
b. an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type​
c. ​an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect that occurs when the brain is either missing or fails to develop fully
d. one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
e. ​a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of a nipple
f. ​a condition that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
g. ​infection of a breast
h. the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm
i. ​a serious foodborne infection caused by bacteria that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn
j. a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
k. the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed excessive alcohol during her pregnancy
l.​the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
m. ​overfilling of the breasts with milk
n. ​the stage of development in which the blastocyst embeds itself into the wall of the uterus and begins to develop
o. a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
p. ​the period of about 40 weeks from conception to birth
q. ​the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
r. a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems
s. strong desires to avoid certain foods during pregnancy
t. ​glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
​listeriosis

Question 80

Matching​
a. an organ in the uterus through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen
b. an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type​
c. ​an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect that occurs when the brain is either missing or fails to develop fully
d. one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
e. ​a reflex that causes an infant to turn toward whichever cheek is touched, in search of a nipple
f. ​a condition that occurs during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
g. ​infection of a breast
h. the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm
i. ​a serious foodborne infection caused by bacteria that can lead to severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn
j. a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
k. the cluster of symptoms seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed excessive alcohol during her pregnancy
l.​the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
m. ​overfilling of the breasts with milk
n. ​the stage of development in which the blastocyst embeds itself into the wall of the uterus and begins to develop
o. a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages
p. ​the period of about 40 weeks from conception to birth
q. ​the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
r. a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems
s. strong desires to avoid certain foods during pregnancy
t. ​glucose intolerance with first onset or first recognition during pregnancy
​spina bifida