Question 1

Negative reinforcement occurs when an _____ stimulus is _____.&#10;A) appetitive; presented&#10;B) appetitive; removed&#10;C) aversive; presented&#10;D) aversive; removed

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus in order to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior. In this case, option D correctly describes the aversive stimulus being removed. Options A and B describe an appetitive stimulus, which is a positive stimulus that is used in positive reinforcement. Option C describes the presentation of an aversive stimulus, which is punishment rather than negative reinforcement.

Question 2

The _____ effect is a decrease in an intrinsically motivated behavior after the behavior is extrinsically reinforced and the reinforcement discontinued.&#10;A) overjustification&#10;B) partial reinforcement&#10;C) shaping&#10;D) instinctual drift

Accepted Answer

The overjustification effect occurs when the introduction of extrinsic reinforcement for a behavior that was previously intrinsically motivated leads to a decrease in the intrinsic motivation for that behavior when the extrinsic reinforcement is removed.

Question 3

In Pavlov's classical conditioning research, a tone was used as the _____, and food inserted in the mouth served as the _____.&#10;A) UCS; CS&#10;B) CS; UCS&#10;C) UCR; CR&#10;D) CR; UCR

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's classical conditioning research, the tone was the conditioned stimulus (CS) because it did not naturally elicit a response before conditioning, and the food inserted in the mouth was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) because it naturally elicited a response (salivation) before conditioning. After conditioning, the tone became associated with the food and could elicit salivation as the conditioned response (CR).

Question 4

In stimulus generalization in classical conditioning, the strength of the CR _____ as the similarity of the generalization stimulus to the _____ increases.&#10;A) increases; CS&#10;B) decreases; CS&#10;C) increases; UCS&#10;D) decreases; UCS

Accepted Answer

In stimulus generalization, the conditioned response (CR) becomes stronger as the similarity of the generalization stimulus to the conditioned stimulus (CS) increases. Therefore, the correct option is A, as "increases" correlates with "similarity of the generalization stimulus to the CS."

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?&#10;A) money&#10;B) a money order&#10;C) a check&#10;D) All of these are secondary reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

All of these options are secondary reinforcers because they acquire their reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers (e.g. food, water, shelter) or other secondary reinforcers. Money, for example, is only valuable because it can be exchanged for goods and services that are primary reinforcers. Similarly, a money order and a check are only valuable because they can be cashed for money.

Question 6

Continuing to take Advil because it alleviates headaches is an example of _____, and no longer parking in &#34;No Parking&#34; zones because you lost money in fines for doing so is an example of _____.&#10;A) positive punishment; positive reinforcement&#10;B) positive reinforcement; positive punishment&#10;C) negative punishment; negative reinforcement&#10;D) negative reinforcement; negative punishment

Accepted Answer

The answer of Continuing to take Advil because it alleviates...

Question 7

Piecework in a factory is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement; a slot machine is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.&#10;A) variable ratio; fixed interval&#10;B) fixed interval; variable ratio&#10;C) fixed ratio; variable ratio&#10;D) variable ratio; fixed ratio

Accepted Answer

Piecework in a factory, where workers are paid based on the number of items they produce, exemplifies a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement because the reinforcement (payment) is given after a set number of responses (items produced). Slot machines operate on a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement, as the reinforcement (winning) is based on an unpredictable number of responses (pulls of the lever or pushes of the button), making the behavior very resistant to extinction.

Question 8

The stimulus in whose presence a response will be reinforced is called the _____ stimulus in operant conditioning.&#10;A) generalization&#10;B) discriminative&#10;C) acquisition&#10;D) extinction

Accepted Answer

The discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning is the specific cue or signal that indicates when a particular response will likely be reinforced. It discriminates between situations where a behavior will be reinforced and those where it will not be reinforced. Generalization refers to the tendency to respond in a similar way to stimuli that are similar to the original discriminative stimulus, acquisition refers to the process of learning a new behavior, and extinction refers to the gradual weakening of a behavior when reinforcement is no longer given.

Question 9

Which of the following is the BEST example of a primary reinforcer?&#10;A) a cheeseburger&#10;B) a grade of &#34;A&#34; on an exam&#10;C) praise from your teacher&#10;D) winning the lottery

Accepted Answer

A cheeseburger is a primary reinforcer because it is something that naturally and inherently satisfies a person's physiological needs (hunger in this case) without being learned or conditioned. The other options involve social or learned reinforcement and are therefore not primary reinforcers.

Question 10

In classical conditioning, the diminishing of the CR following removal of the UCS is called _____.&#10;A) acquisition&#10;B) discrimination&#10;C) extinction&#10;D) generalization

Accepted Answer

Extinction is the diminishing of the CR following the removal of the UCS in classical conditioning.

Question 11

The Brelands' difficulties in training animals was the result of _____.&#10;A) the partial reinforcement effect&#10;B) instinctual drift&#10;C) a token economy&#10;D) latent learning

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Brelands' difficulties in training animals was...

Question 12

The results of Bandura's &#34;Bobo Doll&#34; studies illustrate _____, and Tolman and Honzik's studies of latent learning indicate the importance of _____ in maze learning by rats.&#10;A) observational learning; the overjustification effect&#10;B) observational learning; cognitive maps&#10;C) the partial reinforcement effect; the overjustification effect&#10;D) the partial reinforcement effect; cognitive maps

Accepted Answer

The answer of The results of Bandura's &#34;Bobo Doll&#34; studies...

Question 13

In reinforcement, the probability of a behavior _____; in punishment the probability of a behavior _____.&#10;A) increases; increases&#10;B) increases; decreases&#10;C) decreases; increases&#10;D) decreases; decreases

Accepted Answer

The answer of In reinforcement, the probability of a behavior...

Question 14

Tolman's research with rats in mazes indicated the occurrence of _____.&#10;A) observational learning&#10;B) latent learning&#10;C) the partial reinforcement effect&#10;D) instinctual drift

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tolman's research with rats in mazes indicated...

Question 15

A steep cumulative record in operant conditioning indicates _____, and a flat cumulative record indicates _____.&#10;A) a slow rate of responding; no responding&#10;B) a slow rate of responding; a fast rate of responding&#10;C) a fast rate of responding; no responding&#10;D) a fast rate of responding; a slow rate of responding

Accepted Answer

The answer of A steep cumulative record in operant conditioning...

Deck 4: Section 3: Learning