Question 1

Negative reinforcement occurs when an _____ stimulus is _____.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus in order to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior. In this case, option D correctly describes the aversive stimulus being removed. Options A and B describe an appetitive stimulus, which is a positive stimulus that is used in positive reinforcement. Option C describes the presentation of an aversive stimulus, which is punishment rather than negative reinforcement.

Question 2

The _____ effect is a decrease in an intrinsically motivated behavior after the behavior is extrinsically reinforced and the reinforcement discontinued.

Accepted Answer

The overjustification effect occurs when the introduction of extrinsic reinforcement for a behavior that was previously intrinsically motivated leads to a decrease in the intrinsic motivation for that behavior when the extrinsic reinforcement is removed.

Question 3

In Pavlov's classical conditioning research, a tone was used as the _____, and food inserted in the mouth served as the _____.

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's classical conditioning research, the tone was the conditioned stimulus (CS) because it did not naturally elicit a response before conditioning, and the food inserted in the mouth was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) because it naturally elicited a response (salivation) before conditioning. After conditioning, the tone became associated with the food and could elicit salivation as the conditioned response (CR).

Question 4

In stimulus generalization in classical conditioning, the strength of the CR _____ as the similarity of the generalization stimulus to the _____ increases.

Accepted Answer

In stimulus generalization, the conditioned response (CR) becomes stronger as the similarity of the generalization stimulus to the conditioned stimulus (CS) increases. Therefore, the correct option is A, as "increases" correlates with "similarity of the generalization stimulus to the CS."

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

All of these options are secondary reinforcers because they acquire their reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers (e.g. food, water, shelter) or other secondary reinforcers. Money, for example, is only valuable because it can be exchanged for goods and services that are primary reinforcers. Similarly, a money order and a check are only valuable because they can be cashed for money.

Question 6

Continuing to take Advil because it alleviates headaches is an example of _____, and no longer parking in "No Parking" zones because you lost money in fines for doing so is an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Continuing to take Advil because it alleviates...

Question 7

Piecework in a factory is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement; a slot machine is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Piecework in a factory, where workers are paid based on the number of items they produce, exemplifies a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement because the reinforcement (payment) is given after a set number of responses (items produced). Slot machines operate on a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement, as the reinforcement (winning) is based on an unpredictable number of responses (pulls of the lever or pushes of the button), making the behavior very resistant to extinction.

Question 8

The stimulus in whose presence a response will be reinforced is called the _____ stimulus in operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning is the specific cue or signal that indicates when a particular response will likely be reinforced. It discriminates between situations where a behavior will be reinforced and those where it will not be reinforced. Generalization refers to the tendency to respond in a similar way to stimuli that are similar to the original discriminative stimulus, acquisition refers to the process of learning a new behavior, and extinction refers to the gradual weakening of a behavior when reinforcement is no longer given.

Question 9

Which of the following is the BEST example of a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A cheeseburger is a primary reinforcer because it is something that naturally and inherently satisfies a person's physiological needs (hunger in this case) without being learned or conditioned. The other options involve social or learned reinforcement and are therefore not primary reinforcers.

Question 10

In classical conditioning, the diminishing of the CR following removal of the UCS is called _____.

Accepted Answer

Extinction is the diminishing of the CR following the removal of the UCS in classical conditioning.

Question 11

The Brelands' difficulties in training animals was the result of _____.

Accepted Answer

The Brelands' difficulties in training animals was the result of instinctual drift, which refers to the tendency of animals to revert back to innate behaviors and away from learned behaviors when performing tasks that require coordination between the two. This interfered with their attempts to train the animals to perform certain behaviors, as the animals would often drift back to their instinctual behaviors instead. The other options do not accurately describe the cause of the Brelands' difficulties.

Question 12

The results of Bandura's "Bobo Doll" studies illustrate _____, and Tolman and Honzik's studies of latent learning indicate the importance of _____ in maze learning by rats.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's "Bobo Doll" studies illustrate observational learning, as children learn aggressive behaviors by observing adults. Tolman and Honzik's studies on latent learning indicate the importance of cognitive maps in maze learning by rats, as rats were able to learn the layout of a maze without any reinforcement or rewards. The partial reinforcement effect and overjustification effect are not related to these studies.

Question 13

In reinforcement, the probability of a behavior _____; in punishment the probability of a behavior _____.

Accepted Answer

In reinforcement, the probability of a behavior increases because it is being encouraged or rewarded, while in punishment, the probability of a behavior decreases because it is being discouraged or penalized.

Question 14

Tolman's research with rats in mazes indicated the occurrence of _____.

Accepted Answer

Tolman's research with rats in mazes indicated the occurrence of latent learning, which refers to learning that is not immediately expressed in behavior. The rats appeared to have learned the layout of the maze even when they were not rewarded for reaching the end, but this learning was not visible until they were given an incentive to do so.

Question 15

A steep cumulative record in operant conditioning indicates _____, and a flat cumulative record indicates _____.

Accepted Answer

A steep cumulative record in operant conditioning indicates a fast rate of responding, as the steeper the slope, the more responses are being recorded in a given period of time. A flat cumulative record indicates no responding, as the slope does not change, showing that no new responses are being recorded.

Quiz 4: Section 3: Learning

Negative reinforcement occurs when an _ stimulus is _.

The _____ effect is a decrease in an intrinsically motivated behavior after the behavior is extrinsically reinforced and the reinforcement discontinued.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning research, a tone was used as the _, and food inserted in the mouth served as the _.

In stimulus generalization in classical conditioning, the strength of the CR _ as the similarity of the generalization stimulus to the _ increases.

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Continuing to take Advil because it alleviates headaches is an example of _, and no longer parking in "No Parking" zones because you lost money in fines for doing so is an example of _.

Piecework in a factory is an example of a _ schedule of reinforcement; a slot machine is an example of a _ schedule of reinforcement.

The stimulus in whose presence a response will be reinforced is called the _____ stimulus in operant conditioning.

Which of the following is the BEST example of a primary reinforcer?

In classical conditioning, the diminishing of the CR following removal of the UCS is called _____.

The Brelands' difficulties in training animals was the result of _____.

The results of Bandura's "Bobo Doll" studies illustrate _, and Tolman and Honzik's studies of latent learning indicate the importance of _ in maze learning by rats.

In reinforcement, the probability of a behavior _; in punishment the probability of a behavior _.

Tolman's research with rats in mazes indicated the occurrence of _____.

A steep cumulative record in operant conditioning indicates _, and a flat cumulative record indicates _.