Deck 14: D: Personality

Question 1

What is one of the main conclusions from adoption research concerning the effects of genes and environment on personality?

A)Being raised together doesn't lead to much similarity in personality between parents and offspring.
B)The environmental influences of the adoptive home exert a stronger influence on personality than genetic ones.
C)Adopted children are more similar to their adoptive parents,but only if they were adopted prior to the age of 2.
D)Personality traits of biological parents are unrelated to the personality traits of children they gave up for adoption.

Answer 1

Being raised together doesn't lead to much similarity in personality between parents and offspring.

Question 2

Which personality trait has the highest correlation for identical twins that are reared together?

A)Alienation
B)Anxiety proneness
C)Impulse control
D)Emotional well-being

Answer 2

Emotional well-being

Question 3

Which personality trait has been linked to genetic markers in the dopamine system?

A)Anxiety proneness
B)Novelty seeking
C)Extraversion
D)Emotional well-being

Answer 3

Novelty seeking

Question 4

If a parent treats one child more affectionately than another,and as a consequence this child ends up with higher self-esteem,the parenting in this case is a _________________ factor.

A)genetic
B)shared environmental
C)psychosocial
D)nonshared environmental

Question 5

Results of several studies comparing twins that were reared apart or reared together have concluded that

A)shared environments play a critical role in accounting for the variance in personalities of twins.
B)environmental influences are stronger determinants of the manifestation of personality than genetics.
C)nonshared environmental influences alter personality more than shared environmental influences.
D)shared environment plays little or no role in adult personality.

Question 6

Freud's early beliefs that mental disorders were physiologically caused stemmed from his training as a ______________.

A)neurologist
B)psychologist
C)psychiatrist
D)physiologist

Question 7

Which personality trait has the lowest correlation for fraternal twins,whether reared together or reared apart?

A)Aggression
B)Impulse control
C)Achievement orientation
D)Emotional well-being

Question 8

Molecular genetic studies suggest that there may be associations between genes that control various neurotransmitter systems and subsequent personality (i.e. ,dopamine and novelty seeking).However,these studies suffer from __________________ and should be interpreted with caution.

A)the confirmation bias
B)a lack of replication
C)illusory correlations
D)falsifiability

Question 9

If a parent treats both of her children poorly and neglects their needs,and as a consequence they both end up with low self-esteem and difficulties forming close relationships,the parenting in this case is a _________________ factor.

A)genetic
B)shared environmental
C)psychosocial
D)nonshared environmental

Question 10

Brian is a middle-aged conservative male who doesn't like change and supports the status quo.His brother,Ed,on the other hand,favours radical ideas and is a proponent of dramatic social change and action.Based on these details,according to Sulloway's research on birth order and attitudes,Brian is likely to be a ___________ whereas Ed would likely be a __________.

A)later-born;firstborn
B)middle-born;later-born
C)firstborn;later-born
D)firstborn;middle-born

Question 11

Our typical ways of thinking,feeling,and behaving correspond to our _____________.

A)personality
B)schemas
C)defence mechanisms
D)traits

Question 12

Which personality trait is associated with similar correlations between identical and fraternal twins,demonstrating a greater influence of nonshared environmental influences?

A)Aggression
B)Impulse control
C)Traditionalism
D)Anxiety proneness

Question 13

Psychologists believe that personality is largely the result of

A)parental and peer influences.
B)multiple factors.
C)responses to life stressors.
D)genetics.

Question 14

Your friend sets you up on a blind date.When you meet this person for coffee,they tell you they are introverted and haven't had much luck meeting potential dating partners without the help of friends.Your date has given you a description of ______________.

A)their personality
B)a schemas
C)their defence mechanisms
D)a trait they possess

Question 15

Some studies have reported that children born later in the birth order (later-borns)are more likely to be ______________.

A)conscientious
B)achievement-oriented
C)traditionalist
D)rebellious

Question 16

Which of the following news headlines accurately reflects the relation between behaviour and genetics?

A)Environment Exactly Predicts Extraversion!
B)You are Gay Right Down to Your Genes!
C)Genes and Behaviour: A Long and Twisted Road!
D)The Mess of Molecular Genetics: Still Muddy After All These Years!

Question 17

Which personality trait has the highest correlation for identical twins that were reared apart?

A)Alienation
B)Anxiety proneness
C)Impulse control
D)Emotional well-being

Question 18

According to the authors,________ is both the most respected and the most widely criticized personality theorist.

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Gordon Allport
C)Abraham Maslow
D)B.F.Skinner

Question 19

Relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behaviour across many situations are called _____________.

A)personalities
B)schemas
C)defence mechanisms
D)traits

Question 20

What types of studies have been used to attempt to pinpoint which genes are associated with specific personality traits?

A)Family studies
B)Adoption studies
C)Twin studies
D)Molecular genetic studies

Question 21

Initially,Freud believed that mental disorders were due to ___________ causes,but his views changed to reflect __________ causes for mental disorders following his work with hysteria patients.

A)psychogenic;somatogenic
B)physiological;psychological
C)neurological;physiological
D)psychological;neurological

Question 22

Jessie becomes furious when her favourite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent.According to Freud's model of the mind,her id would unconsciously say

A)"Thou shalt not kill."
B)"I'm going to tear this program in half!"
C)"What,me angry? I never get angry."
D)"I'm so angry I could kill that player."

Question 23

Miranda is a psychoanalytic theorist who uses this perspective to guide her therapeutic treatment of psychological disorders.As a result,she is most likely to focus on understanding her clients'

A)conscious motivations.
B)patterns of thinking and behaving.
C)symbolic dream imagery.
D)desire for personal growth.

Question 24

For Freud,the only personality structure that would be present at birth is the

A)ego.
B)superego.
C)alter ego.
D)id.

Question 25

Which object is commonly used as an analogy for Freud's view of the mind?

A)A triangle
B)An inkblot
C)An iceberg
D)A horoscope

Question 26

Which component of a person's personality is responsible for the continuing desire to engage in sex?

A)Ego
B)Superego
C)Alter ego
D)Id

Question 27

Freud's theory of personality is most interested in understanding the interaction among the three structures of personality within the ________ mind.

A)conscious
B)unconscious
C)preconscious
D)split

Question 28

"If it feels good,do it" best describes the

A)ego.
B)superego.
C)alter ego.
D)id.

Question 29

In Sigmund Freud's theory,the _______ operates according to the pleasure principle.

A)ego
B)superego
C)alter ego
D)id

Question 30

The id is motivated by the desire for

A)moral perfection.
B)social acceptability.
C)free will.
D)immediate gratification.

Question 31

Which theory of personality is most concerned with understanding people's unconscious motivations?

A)Psychoanalytic
B)Humanism
C)Trait
D)Behavioural

Question 32

The pleasure principle is associated with which element of Freud's personality theory?

A)Ego
B)Superego
C)Alter ego
D)Id

Question 33

For Freud,the mind is divided into ___ levels.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 34

Which of the following is one of the core assumptions of psychoanalytic theory?

A)Behavioural contingencies
B)Inferiority complexes
C)Collective unconscious
D)Psychic determinism

Question 35

Many have compared Freud's idea of the mind to an iceberg.If that were the case and you were standing on the deck of a ship in the Arctic,what part of the mind would you see above the water?

A)Ego
B)Superego
C)Preconscious
D)Id

Question 36

For Freud,the seething cauldron of unconscious urges and desires continuously seeking expression is the

A)ego.
B)superego.
C)alter ego.
D)id.

Question 37

The child is born into the world with a psyche equipped with

A)an id.
B)an ego.
C)a superego.
D)an id and ego.

Question 38

The Freudian idea of "psychic determinism" implies that

A)unconscious desires and urges drive human behaviour.
B)any psychological event has an underlying cause.
C)childhood experiences determine adult adjustment.
D)no action is ever meaningless.

Question 39

What is Freud's term for the executive of the personality that has a realistic plan for obtaining gratification of an individual's desires?

A)Ego
B)Superego
C)Alter ego
D)Id

Question 40

You are quite hungry but don't have a dime to your name.If you were described as "all id and only id," what would you do?

A)Distract yourself with images of food
B)Steal a hot dog from the vendor on the corner
C)Run all the way home to get something to eat as soon as possible
D)Use the defence mechanism of denial to thwart the hunger pangs until an appropriate meal can be obtained

Question 41

According to Freud,the reality principle is

A)the way in which the ego tries to delay satisfying the id's desires until it can do so safely and successfully.
B)the way in which the id tries to obtain gratification and avoid pain.
C)the way in which the ego ideal establishes standards of what one would like to be.
D)the way in which young children instinctively seek self-actualization.

Question 42

As you are preparing for your biology exam,you notice two of your classmates in the library.After going to talk with them you discover they are planning to use a cheat sheet during tomorrow's exam.What part of your personality would cause you to feel ashamed or guilty if you too created a cheat sheet for the exam?

A)The superego
B)The actual self
C)The ego
D)The id

Question 43

According to Freud,the result of conflict between the id and superego is

A)anxiety.
B)psychosis.
C)depression.
D)paranoia.

Question 44

The ego operates according to the

A)guilt/pride principle.
B)reality principle.
C)reflex principle.
D)pleasure principle.

Question 45

In the metaphor the angel,the devil,and me,the devil is the

A)superego.
B)ego.
C)alter ego.
D)id.

Question 46

There were three friends.Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational,logical,and cunning.Hermione was rule-oriented,moral,and always ethical.Ron was pleasure-seeking,found it hard to delay gratification,and usually just did what he wanted.According to Freud,Hermione was mostly ___________.

A)ego
B)superego
C)alter ego
D)id

Question 47

In the metaphor the angel,the devil,and me,the angel is the

A)superego.
B)ego.
C)alter ego.
D)id.

Question 48

According to Freudian theories,the purpose of dreaming is for ____________ and involves the expressions of the _____________.

A)wish fulfillment;id
B)catharsis;superego
C)wish fulfillment;ego
D)catharsis;ego

Question 49

In Freud's theory,the id is to fun as the superego is to

A)guilt.
B)pride
C)rules.
D)freedom.

Question 50

What personality structure(s)is/are tasked with the responsibility of keeping the id's impulsive and destructive actions in check?

A)The superego
B)The ego
C)The actual self and the ideal self
D)The ego and the superego

Question 51

The ______ controls the satisfaction of the id's drives in the external world.

A)ego
B)superego
C)alter ego
D)id

Question 52

The ________ seeks to find a resolution between the competing demands of the ________.

A)ego;id and superego
B)superego;id and ego
C)superego;alter ego and ego
D)id;ego and superego

Question 53

There were three friends.Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational,logical,and cunning.Hermione was rule-oriented,moral,and always ethical.Ron was pleasure-seeking,found it hard to delay gratification,and usually just did what he wanted.According to Freud,Ron was mostly

A)ego.
B)superego.
C)alter ego.
D)id.

Question 54

What is Freud's term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense?

A)False cognitions
B)Coping techniques
C)Disordered thinking
D)Defence mechanisms

Question 55

There were three friends.Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational,logical,and cunning.Hermione was rule-oriented,moral,and always ethical.Ron was pleasure seeking,found it hard to delay gratification,and usually just did what he wanted.According to Freud,Harry was mostly ____________.

A)ego
B)superego
C)alter ego
D)id

Question 56

According to Freud,rationality and logical thinking and reasoning are controlled by the

A)ego.
B)superego.
C)alter ego.
D)id.

Question 57

An individual operating on the reality principle seeks

A)immediate gratification.
B)perfect accomplishments.
C)to reveal unconscious motivations.
D)rational means for obtaining gratification.

Question 58

A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would be completely

A)illogical.
B)selfless.
C)rational.
D)amoral.

Question 59

According to Freud,defence mechanisms are a(n)________ part of being a psychologically healthy and well-adjusted individual.

A)unsafe
B)inevitable
C)necessary
D)unnecessary

Question 60

What structure serves as the social component of one's personality?

A)Superego
B)Ego
C)Id
D)The actual self

Question 61

Every time she is afraid or nervous (but is not necessarily consciously aware of these feelings),Brandy starts to laugh and has difficulty controlling her laughter.This is an example of what Freudian defence mechanism?

A)Displacement
B)Reaction-formation
C)Denial
D)Sublimation

Question 62

In one of Aesop's fables,a fox is unable to obtain some grapes that he truly wishes to have.However,after failing to obtain them,he downplays their importance.This behaviour is most consistent with the defence mechanism of

A)rationalization.
B)sublimation.
C)displacement.
D)intellectualization.

Question 63

Concerned with his own academic flaws and weaknesses,Preston often aggressively lashes out at his instructors via his evaluations of their teaching ability on RateMyProfessor.com and during class teaching evaluations.This is an example of what Freudian defence mechanism?

A)Reaction formation
B)Projection
C)Intellectualization
D)Displacement

Question 64

A married woman is sexually attracted to her coworker,so she focuses on all the things she hates about him and tells others about how revolting he is.This woman is using the defence mechanism of

A)displacement.
B)reaction-formation.
C)sublimation.
D)projection.

Question 65

Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages focus on several parts of the body identified as

A)focal zones.
B)erogenous zones.
C)pleasure zones.
D)unconscious zones.

Question 66

Whenever Olivia feels badly about an exam performance she visits the professor and breaks down into tears.As the professor attempts to console her,she is reminded of her childhood.Sigmund Freud would say that Olivia is using ________ to alleviate her anxieties about her academic abilities.

A)displacement
B)regression
C)sublimation
D)projection

Question 67

Some research has found that males with high levels of homophobia show significantly greater increases in penile circumference than males low in this trait when exposed to erotic homosexual stimuli.According to Freud,this demonstrates the defence mechanism of _____________ as these males may harbour unconscious homosexual impulses that they find unacceptable and transform them into a conscious dislike of homosexuals.

A)displacement.
B)reaction-formation.
C)sublimation.
D)projection.

Question 68

Which of the following is one of Freud's defence mechanisms?

A)Altercation
B)Suppression
C)Rationalization
D)Rejection

Question 69

Oscar redirects his aggressive urges to beat up and dominate others into a lucrative career as a professional boxer.This is an example of what Freudian defence mechanism?

A)Displacement
B)Rationalization
C)Sublimation
D)Projection

Question 70

______________ provides a reasonable-sounding explanation for our unreasonable behaviours or failures.

A)Sublimation
B)Intellectualization
C)Rationalization
D)Reaction formation

Question 71

Allison finds that when she is stressed out,she is most comfortable curled up in her bed with laying with her favourite soft blanket that she had as a child.This is an example of what Freudian defence mechanism?

A)Repression
B)Displacement
C)Sublimation
D)Regression

Question 72

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development,there are ________ stages that each person must pass through.

A)3
B)5
C)7
D)8

Question 73

_______________ refers to the unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others.

A)Displacement
B)Sublimation
C)Projection
D)Reaction-formation

Question 74

Alexander just finished the most difficult statistics exam he has ever taken.When asked the next day by his mother how the exam went,Alexander tells her that he cannot remember a single thing from the previous two days.This experience is most similar to what Freudian defence mechanism?

A)Repression
B)Denial
C)Projection
D)Displacement

Question 75

Shaylyn is a toll-booth operator.She nearly always has an hourly encounter with a motorist who berates and belittles her because they are upset about traffic,they don't have enough change,or they are just unhappy that day.As a result,when she gets home Shaylyn often yells at her roommates and slams cabinet doors closed when she can't find what she wants.She is displaying classic symptoms of

A)regression.
B)displacement.
C)sublimation.
D)projection.

Question 76

Dakota is trying to deal with the death of her infant daughter due to an illness,and keeps telling others that she must just be sleeping and she will be feeling better in no time.This is an example of what Freudian defence mechanism?

A)Projection
B)Displacement
C)Rationalization
D)Denial

Question 77

_______________ forms a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal.

A)Displacement
B)Sublimation
C)Projection
D)Denial

Question 78

Freud argued that childhood amnesia was evidence that ____________ was a defence mechanism that we all experience.

A)sublimation
B)displacement
C)repression
D)projection

Question 79

Geoffrey is a clinical psychologist who is separated from his wife and is in the process of filing for divorce.Whenever his friends or colleagues ask Geoffrey to talk about it or attempt to cheer him up,he focuses on the statistical evidence about the likelihood of divorce,clinical experience he has had,and anything but his emotions and the pain of the marriage ending.Freud would say that Geoffrey is displaying a living,breathing example of

A)projection.
B)displacement.
C)intellectualization.
D)repression.

Question 80

______________ involves the motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences.

A)Denial
B)Sublimation
C)Repression
D)Displacement