Question 1

What is one of the main conclusions from adoption research concerning the effects of genes and environment on personality?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that genetic factors have a significant influence on personality, and being raised together does not necessarily lead to similar personalities between parents and offspring, highlighting the strong role of genetics over shared environment.

Question 2

Which personality trait has the highest correlation for identical twins that are reared together?

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

Which personality trait has been linked to genetic markers in the dopamine system?

Accepted Answer

Novelty seeking has been linked to genetic markers in the dopamine system. Studies have shown that individuals who have a certain version of the DRD4 gene, which is involved in dopamine neurotransmission, are more likely to engage in risky and impulsive behavior and seek out new experiences.

Question 4

If a parent treats one child more affectionately than another,and as a consequence this child ends up with higher self-esteem,the parenting in this case is a _________________ factor.

Accepted Answer

Nonshared environmental factors refer to experiences that are unique to individuals within a family, such as differential treatment from parents or unique life events. In this case, the differential treatment from the parent is a nonshared environmental factor that has contributed to the higher self-esteem of one child.

Question 5

Results of several studies comparing twins that were reared apart or reared together have concluded that

Accepted Answer

The studies comparing twins reared apart or together indicate that shared environment plays little or no role in adult personality. Non-shared environmental factors and genetics are stronger determinants of personality manifestation.

Question 6

Freud's early beliefs that mental disorders were physiologically caused stemmed from his training as a ______________.

Accepted Answer

Freud received his medical degree and specialized in neurology, which led him to initially believe that mental disorders were caused by disruptions in physiological processes in the brain.

Question 7

Which personality trait has the lowest correlation for fraternal twins,whether reared together or reared apart?

Accepted Answer

Impulse control is the personality trait with the lowest correlation for fraternal twins, whether reared together or reared apart.

Question 8

Molecular genetic studies suggest that there may be associations between genes that control various neurotransmitter systems and subsequent personality (i.e. ,dopamine and novelty seeking).However,these studies suffer from __________________ and should be interpreted with caution.

Accepted Answer

The statement mentions that molecular genetic studies suffer from a "lack of replication", meaning that the findings have not been consistently replicated in other studies. This is a major limitation in scientific research and suggests that the results may not be trustworthy. The other options (confirmation bias, illusory correlations, falsifiability) do not accurately describe the specific limitation mentioned in the statement.

Question 9

If a parent treats both of her children poorly and neglects their needs,and as a consequence they both end up with low self-esteem and difficulties forming close relationships,the parenting in this case is a _________________ factor.

Accepted Answer

The shared environmental factor refers to experiences that siblings share in common, such as parenting style and household environment. In this case, the poor treatment and neglect by the parent is a shared environmental factor that has affected both children's self-esteem and ability to form close relationships. Genetic factors refer to inherited traits, nonshared environmental factors refer to unique experiences that differ between individuals, and psychosocial factors refer to social and psychological influences on behavior.

Question 10

Brian is a middle-aged conservative male who doesn't like change and supports the status quo.His brother,Ed,on the other hand,favours radical ideas and is a proponent of dramatic social change and action.Based on these details,according to Sulloway's research on birth order and attitudes,Brian is likely to be a ___________ whereas Ed would likely be a __________.

Accepted Answer

Sulloway's research suggests that firstborns tend to be more conservative and supportive of the status quo, while later-borns tend to be more open to new ideas and social change. Therefore, Brian is likely to be a firstborn and Ed a later-born based on their attitude towards change.

Question 11

Our typical ways of thinking,feeling,and behaving correspond to our _____________.

Accepted Answer

Our typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving are a fundamental aspect of our personality. Schemas are cognitive frameworks that help organize and interpret incoming information, defense mechanisms are unconscious mental processes that protect against anxiety or other negative emotions, and traits are stable characteristics of personality that are consistent across time and situations but do not necessarily correspond to specific thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Question 12

Which personality trait is associated with similar correlations between identical and fraternal twins,demonstrating a greater influence of nonshared environmental influences?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which personality trait is associated with similar...

Question 13

Psychologists believe that personality is largely the result of

Accepted Answer

Personality is believed to be the result of multiple factors, which may include genetics, environmental factors such as upbringing and life experiences, and individual patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior. While genetics are a significant contributing factor, personality is considered to be the result of a complex interplay between genetics and environment. Additionally, responses to life stressors may shape personality traits over time, but they are not the primary determinant of personality. Therefore, the best choice is B - multiple factors.

Question 14

Your friend sets you up on a blind date.When you meet this person for coffee,they tell you they are introverted and haven't had much luck meeting potential dating partners without the help of friends.Your date has given you a description of ______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your friend sets you up on a...

Question 15

Some studies have reported that children born later in the birth order (later-borns)are more likely to be ______________.

Accepted Answer

Some studies have found that later-borns are more likely to exhibit rebellious or unconventional behavior, possibly due to the fact that they have to compete with older siblings for attention and resources, leading to a tendency to challenge authority and social norms.

Question 16

Which of the following news headlines accurately reflects the relation between behaviour and genetics?

Accepted Answer

This headline accurately reflects the complex and intertwined relationship between genes and behaviour, acknowledging that it is not a clear-cut or predetermined connection.

Question 17

Which personality trait has the highest correlation for identical twins that were reared apart?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which personality trait has the highest correlation...

Question 18

According to the authors,________ is both the most respected and the most widely criticized personality theorist.

Accepted Answer

The statement in the question suggests that the personality theorist in question holds two distinctions: being the most respected and the most widely criticized. Among the choices given, Sigmund Freud is the personality theorist who meets both criteria. While he is credited with developing one of the most influential theories of personality, his theories have also been heavily criticized for being largely unscientific and lacking empirical evidence.

Question 19

Relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behaviour across many situations are called _____________.

Accepted Answer

Traits are relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behavior across situations. Personalities are broader than traits and include a range of characteristics such as thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Schemas are mental frameworks or patterns that organize information. Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies that we use to protect ourselves from anxiety or uncomfortable emotions.

Question 20

What types of studies have been used to attempt to pinpoint which genes are associated with specific personality traits?

Accepted Answer

Molecular genetic studies have been used to attempt to pinpoint which genes are associated with specific personality traits. These types of studies involve analyzing DNA in order to identify specific genetic markers that may be linked to certain personality traits. This approach allows researchers to identify specific genes and genetic pathways that may be involved in the development of certain personality traits. Family, adoption, and twin studies can also be useful in understanding the genetics of personality, but they do not provide the level of specificity that molecular genetic studies can offer.

Quiz 14: D: Personality