Deck 1: Studying a Childs World

Question 1

In order to acquire a thorough understanding of the nature of human development over time,scientists have divided the life span into five periods.These divisions are

A)based on clear-cut development criteria.
B)based on cognitive differences.
C)arbitrary and approximate.
D)separated into 10-year periods.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Fifteen-month-old Lorraine and 5-year-old Joaquin are siblings.Which of the following statements about their physical growth is true?

A)Both Lorraine and Joaquin are undergoing steady physical growth.
B)Joaquin's physical growth is rapid,while Lorraine's growth is steady.
C)Both Lorraine and Joaquin are undergoing rapid physical growth.
D)Lorraine's physical growth is rapid,while Joaquin's growth is steady.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

One-year-old Tamara's height and weight,along with her newfound ability to walk,

A)interact with her cognitive,personality,and social development.
B)occur independently of her cognitive development.
C)will become less important than personality and social development with age.
D)are primarily controlled by her genetic makeup.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Adolescence has been considered a separate stage of development since

A)early in the fifteenth century.
B)the twentieth century.
C)Konrad Lorenz's research on imprinting.
D)The Great Depression.

Question 5

Developmental scientists are interested in ________ development.

A)physical
B)cognitive
C)psychosocial
D)physical,cognitive,and psychosocial

Question 6

At age 1,Suzi had a vocabulary of 10 words.Now,at 2 years of age,she has a vocabulary of over 100 words.Language development falls within the ______ domain.

A)physical
B)cognitive
C)psychosocial
D)neurological

Question 7

Five-year-old Tara does not make friends easily.She is shy and anxious in new situations.Because Tara's behavior has persisted over time,it is an example of developmental

A)instability.
B)resilience.
C)stability.
D)awkwardness.

Question 8

Darrin attends a preschool program that focuses on enhancing children's language and reasoning skills,as well as fostering creativity.Darrin's preschool emphasizes ________ development.

A)physical
B)cognitive
C)psychosocial
D)physiological

Question 9

Child development is the scientific study of the processes that human beings undergo from the moment of conception through adolescence.The main focus of study is how children

A)change.
B)develop physically.
C)develop social relationships.
D)learn language skills.

Question 10

Professor Hughes believes that students can better understand the developmental nature of behavior by studying human origins,both as a species and as individuals.Professor Hughes's belief is consistent with _______ view of child development.

A)John Locke's
B)Charles Darwin's
C)John Watson's
D)Alfred Binet's

Question 11

Marsha is taking a class in human development.This class addresses the study of humans from

A)conception to adolescence.
B)infancy to adolescence.
C)adolescence to death.
D)conception to death.

Question 12

Dr.Dunn studies the way that children of different ages organize information in memory.His research focuses primarily on __________ development.

A)physical
B)personality
C)cognitive
D)psychosocial

Question 13

Dr.Ortiz,a pediatrician,charts his patients' brain and body growth,overall health,and motor skills.Dr.Ortiz is documenting

A)hereditary factors.
B)neurological development.
C)physical development.
D)developmental domains.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a characteristic of physical development in early childhood?

A)Handedness appears.
B)Appetite diminishes.
C)Abstract thinking emerges.
D)Fine and gross motor skills improve.

Question 15

Donald is referred to as the "Mayor of the First Grade," a title given to him because he gets along with everyone and seems to know everything that is going on.These skills demonstrate Donald's level of __________ development.

A)physical
B)cognitive
C)psychosocial
D)psychosexual

Question 16

Dietrich Tiedemann and Charles Darwin used the information obtained from __________ to support their early theories about child development.

A)baby biographies
B)teachers
C)doctors
D)mothers' diaries

Question 17

The study of human development

A)primarily emphasizes infancy through adolescence.
B)emphasizes nature over nurture.
C)is interdisciplinary.
D)focuses more on adult than child development.

Question 18

Which of the following events paved the way for the scientific study of child development?

A)the discovery of vaccines
B)the enactment of child labor laws
C)scientific discoveries about the nature of conception
D)all of the above

Question 19

Which of the following psychosocial developments occur in adolescence?

A)Gender identity develops.
B)Self-awareness emerges.
C)Search for identity becomes central.
D)Self-esteem is global.

Question 20

Annette started crawling,then standing,and is now taking her first steps.This aspect of Annette's development falls within the _______ domain.

A)physical
B)motivational
C)biological
D)toddler

Question 21

Separation anxiety in infancy is an example of the effect of _____ development on _____ development.

A)psychosocial;physical
B)cognitive;psychosocial
C)psychosocial;cognitive
D)physical;psychosocial

Question 22

Jenny is a very talented soccer player.Her mother was a star player in both college and in the women's professional leagues.They spent a great deal of time together while Jenny was growing up.Jenny has her mother's speed and height to go along with a superior understanding of the game.Jessica's abilities would seem to demonstrate the influence of

A)heredity.
B)environment.
C)individual differences.
D)both heredity and environment.

Question 23

The unfolding of a natural,genetically influenced sequence of physical and psychological patterns is the result of

A)heredity.
B)environment.
C)maturation.
D)personality.

Question 24

Although there are developmental differences in timing,most children learn to walk and talk at a similar age.This is an example of

A)heredity.
B)environmental influences.
C)maturation.
D)a critical period.

Question 25

Carlos is undergoing rapid physical growth,has the ability to use abstract thought,and is trying to establish an identity.Carlos is a(n)

A)school-age child.
B)adolescent.
C)young adult.
D)college student.

Question 26

Research looking at influences on development indicates that

A)every child has a unique developmental trajectory.
B)developmental milestones are universal.
C)heredity is more important than environment.
D)there are few gender or ethnic differences in physical or cognitive maturation.

Question 27

Three-year-old Lydia is extremely athletic.Although her interpersonal skills were not strong when she entered preschool,her athletic prowess meant that she was always included in play activities.Due to her high level of participation in these activities,she gradually learned to interact with her peers at a higher level.Which of the following statements explains Lydia's progress?

A)Lydia's cognitive development was enabled by her psychosocial development.
B)Lydia's psychosocial development was enabled by her physical development.
C)Lydia's physical development was enabled by her cognitive development.
D)Lydia's cognitive development was enabled by her physical development.

Question 28

Kari is very tall for her age.She has fewer friends than her average-sized classmates.This is an example of the interaction between which two types of development?

A)physical and cognitive
B)cognitive and psychosocial
C)physical and psychosocial
D)personality and psychosocial

Question 29

Characteristics that are the result of inborn influences are generally attributed to

A)heredity.
B)the environment.
C)both heredity and environment.
D)a natural sequence.

Question 30

Carrie (age 22)and Chelsea (age 17)are sisters.Carrie is a focused student who thrives in academic settings.She is working on a graduate degree at a very selective university.Chelsea is much less concerned about school and more interested in socializing.She is considering bypassing college because she wants to go to work as soon as she graduates from high school.Their parents cannot figure out what they did to make their daughters turn out so differently.Which of the following concepts would you emphasize when trying to explain the sisters' differences to their parents?

A)social construction
B)quantitative change
C)individual differences
D)physical development

Question 31

During __________,children begin to develop self-control and have more interest in others.

A)infancy
B)toddlerhood
C)early childhood
D)middle childhood

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the major divisions of the life span?

A)prenatal period
B)infancy and toddlerhood
C)late adulthood
D)senescence

Question 33

William is a gifted baseball player.His father was a star player in the major leagues.They did not spend much time together while William was growing up because of his father's professional commitments.William's talent for baseball would seem to demonstrate the influence of

A)heredity.
B)environment.
C)maturation.
D)cohort differences.

Question 34

Attachment is particularly important during which developmental period?

A)infancy and toddlerhood
B)early childhood
C)middle childhood
D)adolescence

Question 35

During which developmental period do children develop speech and locomotion,and become somewhat more assertive and self-reliant,yet need considerable help in restraining their impulsive behavior?

A)infancy and toddlerhood
B)early childhood
C)middle childhood
D)the preschool years

Question 36

In many pre industrial societies,the concept of __________ does not exist.

A)prenatal development
B)infancy and toddlerhood
C)early childhood
D)adolescence

Question 37

Adolescence is an example of a

A)domain of development.
B)developmental trajectory.
C)psychosocial milestone.
D)social construction.

Question 38

The totality of experiential influences on development is generally referred to as

A)a natural sequence.
B)maturation.
C)the environment.
D)heredity.

Question 39

Which of the following statements about social construction is correct?

A)Social construction is a theory that explains the sequence of children's play patterns.
B)Social construction is an idea about the nature of reality that is accepted by members of a particular society at a particular time.
C)As children reach adolescence,they socially construct their free time.
D)Social construction must be conditioned into children in order to avoid antisocial or deconstructive behaviors.

Question 40

Children become proficient in regulating their own behavior and are very interested in their peer group during

A)infancy.
B)toddlerhood.
C)early childhood.
D)middle childhood.

Question 41

A society or group's total way of life,including customs,traditions,beliefs,values,and language is referred to as its

A)subculture.
B)ethnicity.
C)culture.
D)origin.

Question 42

Which one of the following is NOT a factor that determines socioeconomic status?

A)ethnicity
B)income
C)education
D)occupation

Question 43

The fact that 11-year-old Kim is interested in attracting boys' attention while her classmates are still focused on their same-sex friendships is an example of the phenomenon that

A)developmental periods occur in different sequences for different people.
B)deviations from "average" development are a cause for concern.
C)rates of development may vary from the average or typical.
D)the sequence of development is primarily altered by experience.

Question 44

Each summer,the Smith's host grandparents,aunts,uncles,cousins,and distant relatives for a two-day reunion.The Smith family reunion involves the ______ family.

A)nuclear
B)general
C)extended
D)inclusive

Question 45

The most powerful factors in a neighborhood that affect the way children develop are income and

A)attitudes toward higher education.
B)the quality of schools.
C)access to resources.
D)the number of recreational facilities.

Question 46

An overgeneralization that obscures cultural differences within an ethnic group is referred to as

A)acculturation.
B)ancestry impairment.
C)cultural confusion.
D)ethnic gloss.

Question 47

Events that occur at about the same age for people around the world,such as starting school,are called

A)normative age-graded influences.
B)normative history-graded influences.
C)nonnormative life events.
D)cohort-determined influences.

Question 48

Charles is a child growing up in a low-SES (socioeconomic status)family.Which of the following will likely have an effect on his development?

A)nutritional deficiencies
B)frequent illness
C)poor housing/living conditions
D)all of the above

Question 49

Teachers in the classroom need to be aware that ethnic and cultural patterns may influence

A)the way the children act toward each other.
B)the games children play.
C)the way children learn.
D)all of the above

Question 50

Most immigrant children in the United States

A)live with two parents.
B)are twice as likely as other children to live with an extended family.
C)live with parents who have high academic aspirations for them.
D)all of the above.

Question 51

Normative age-graded influences include all of the following EXCEPT

A)puberty and menopause.
B)starting school.
C)retirement.
D)war and famine.

Question 52

The Ferkle family goes away each year to see such sights as the world's largest ball of string and the world's largest landfill.On each vacation,they make certain that both parents and children are included.Their vacations are shared by the _______ family.

A)extended
B)nuclear
C)inclusive
D)derivative

Question 53

Shari belongs to a multigenerational kinship unit consisting of parents,children,grandparents,aunts,uncles,and cousins.This unit is referred to as a(n)

A)family.
B)nuclear family.
C)extended family.
D)blended family.

Question 54

A group consisting of people united by ancestry,race,religion,language,or national origin is known as a(n)

A)subculture.
B)ethnic group.
C)unique culture.
D)nuclear family.

Question 55

In western societies,the dominant traditional family structure is the __________ family,while in other societies such as Asian and Latin America,the __________ family is more traditional.

A)nuclear;extended
B)general;nuclear
C)extended;general
D)extended;nuclear

Question 56

A two-generational kinship unit that shares household and economic resources and consists of one or two parents and their biological,adopted,or stepchildren is called a(n)

A)family.
B)nuclear family.
C)extended family.
D)blended family.

Question 57

Katherine grew up attending private Catholic schools.Each year at Christmas,she and her classmates decorated a tree in school and did the same at home.For Katherine's classmates and family,the tree decorating was a _________ event.

A)nonnormative
B)normative
C)cohort
D)cultural

Question 58

The well-being of children from affluent families may be at risk due to

A)pressure to achieve.
B)the amount of time they are left alone by working parents.
C)high rates of substance abuse,depression,and anxiety.
D)all of the above

Question 59

Conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative outcome or result are called __________ factors.

A)diversity
B)developmental
C)adaptive
D)risk

Question 60

Which of the following is/are determined by socioeconomic status?

A)the neighborhood in which a family lives
B)the school the children attend
C)the quality of medical care available to a family
D)all of the above

Question 61

Mrs.Peters is a new seventh-grade teacher in an urban public school.List several normative events likely to occur among her students during the school year.What are some of the nonnormative events that may occur that she could prepare herself for in advance?

Question 62

Which of the following individuals are members of the same cohort?

A)a woman who raised children in Chicago during World War II and a woman who raised children in Chicago during the 1990s
B)an urban child in the Soviet Union and a rural child in the United States
C)a high school student in Cleveland and a high school student in Cincinnati
D)all of the above

Question 63

Morgan was born with a muscle problem that interfered with her ability to focus both of her eyes on the same object.However,the problem was not detected until third grade.Morgan's vision has greatly improved with physical therapy and glasses but it is likely that her depth perception has been adversely affected for life.This is an example of

A)cohorts.
B)developmental domains.
C)critical periods of development.
D)imprinting.

Question 64

The impact of technological developments such as video games,computers,and the Internet are considered ______ influences.

A)nonnormative age-graded
B)normative history-graded
C)normative age-graded
D)nonnormative history-graded

Question 65

Which aspects of development show plasticity?

A)physical development
B)cognitive development
C)psychosocial development
D)all of the above

Question 66

Developmental scientists study development over the human life span.Explain the difference between psychosocial development,cognitive development,and physical development.Provide an example of each type of development.

Question 67

Imagine that you are a developmental scientist and have been sent to a war-torn region to observe and make recommendations about the care and treatment of the children there.What is the current interpretation of the term "critical period" as it relates to childhood development? What are some of the typical tasks that must be mastered by children during a certain "critical" time period for normal developmental to occur? Explain how these principles would apply to children whose lives have been disrupted by war.

Question 68

Research suggests a critical period and a sensitive period for language development.The sensitive period ends around the time of

A)toddlerhood.
B)early childhood.
C)middle childhood.
D)puberty.

Question 69

Twelve-month-old Kara,born in Iraq,has just been adopted by an American couple and is moving to the United States.Explain how Kara's heredity,environment,and maturation will play a role in determining her development.

Question 70

Rubella has a disastrous impact if it is contracted during the first trimester of a pregnancy,yet has hardly any impact if contracted later in a pregnancy.This is an example of

A)heredity.
B)normative age-graded events.
C)maturational timing.
D)a critical period.

Question 71

Those who work with children must keep in mind that there are three domains or dimensions of child development.List the three domains,and give specific examples of how these domains are all interrelated in childhood.

Question 72

Nonnormative life events are

A)unusual events that influence a person's life.
B)events that generally happen to everyone.
C)typical for a given population.
D)traumatic or unhappy events.

Question 73

All of the individuals who were elementary school students in New York City during the 9/11 Terrorist attacks shared a common experience.This group is referred to as a(n)

A)cohort.
B)historical generation.
C)culture.
D)encounter group.

Question 74

Normative history-graded influences include all of the following EXCEPT

A)worldwide economic depression.
B)introduction of the contraceptive pill.
C)the AIDS epidemic.
D)the death of a spouse.

Question 75

A __________ is a specific time during development when a given event,or lack of an event,has the greatest impact.

A)cohort
B)nonnormative event
C)critical period
D)developmental milestone

Question 76

Events such as puberty and entry into formal education,which are highly similar for people in a particular age group,are considered

A)normative age-graded influences.
B)normative history-graded influences.
C)cohort experiences.
D)nonnormative life events.

Question 77

Which of the following statements describes a fundamental point of childhood development?

A)Social,cognitive,and physical domains are distinct and have little bearing on one another.
B)Normal development is quite standard;children developing normally exhibit few differences.
C)Historical events influence development.
D)Development is a process that ceases at the end of childhood.

Question 78

In the case study involving "Genie," researchers found that

A)there is a critical period for language development.
B)no critical period exists for language acquisition.
C)the critical period for language development begins in middle childhood.
D)adolescence is an optimal time for acquiring a second language.

Question 79

Which of the following would be the best example of bidirectional influences on child development?

A)High-income households support more favorable development than low-SES households.
B)School-age children can focus on two or more pieces of information at the same time.
C)Children influence their environments,and their environments influence them.
D)No two children are influenced in exactly the same ways.

Question 80

Evidence for critical periods of physical development is undeniable.However,for other aspects of development,there seems to be greater

A)rigidity.
B)plasticity.
C)acceptability.
D)latency.