Deck 2: How Do We Find Out

Question 1

Curtis believes that redheads are hot-tempered and aggressive.Because of this belief,Curtis frequently behaves aggressively toward redheads.Not surprisingly,Curtis's behavior often makes redheads angry at him,and it occasionally leads to aggressive confrontations.Curtis appears to be engaging in:

A)behavioral confirmation
B)behavioral validation
C)behavioral verification
D)behavioral confrontation

Answer 1

behavioral confirmation

Question 2

According to David Hume,even if all the observations scientists make are consistent with a conclusion,it is always possible that they will eventually make a new observation that violates this conclusion and proves it wrong.This is known as the problem _______.

A)deduction
B)induction
C)reasoning
D)observational scope

Answer 2

induction

Question 3

Most people believe strongly in gravity because they have repeatedly observed that when specific objects are dropped,the objects (e.g. ,pins,piñatas,pianos)always fall to the earth.According to the text,this form of reasoning is referred to as:

A)reasoning
B)deduction
C)induction
D)validation

Answer 3

induction

Question 4

Which of the following things is LEAST precise and coherent?

A)a canon
B)a theory
C)a hypothesis
D)a law

Question 5

_____ usually have more empirical support th______,which usually have more empirical support th______.

A)Laws,theories,hypotheses
B)Theories,laws,hypotheses
C)Hypotheses,laws,theories
D)Laws,hypotheses,theories

Question 6

Which approach to scientific hypothesis testing would a logical positivist such as Karl Popper be most likely to support?

A)validation
B)qualification
C)falsification
D)demonstration

Question 7

The notion that there are many different causes for aggression is an example of:

A)a weak theory
B)parsimony
C)induction
D)equifinality

Question 8

Felix collected convincing experimental data suggesting that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer.He therefore concluded that exposure to air pollution does not cause lung cancer.Felix has failed to appreciate the principle of:

A)spurious variables
B)equifinality
C)induction
D)covariation

Question 9

_____ are predictions about specific events that are derived from one or mo_____.

A)Hypotheses;theories
B)Proofs;hypothesis
C)Hypotheses;proofs
D)Theories;hypotheses

Question 10

The method of deduction can be described as:

A)reasoning from the general to the specific
B)reasoning from the specific to the general
C)reasoning from the practical to the symbolic
D)reasoning from the symbolic to the practical

Question 11

Which approach to scientific hypothesis testing is similar to the bias demonstrated in Wason's (1971)"E,K,4,7" experiment?

A)validation
B)qualification
C)falsification
D)demonstration

Question 12

In contrast to laws,theories do not always make accurate predictions.This is partly because of:

A)boundary conditions
B)poor testability
C)parsimony
D)logical positivism

Question 13

According to the text,the principle _____ refers to the idea that the same behavior is often produced by many different causes.

A)determinism
B)equifinality
C)pluralism
D)philosophical convergence

Question 14

Theories are typically used to generate specific research:

A)designs
B)laws
C)hypotheses
D)conclusions

Question 15

Social psychologists once thought that the fundamental attribution error was a basic feature of human social judgment.Later,research showed that people in India do not make this error.This is an example _______.

A)deduction
B)equifinality
C)a canon of science
D)the problem of induction

Question 16

A general statement about the relation between two or more variables is called a:

A)hypothesis
B)law
C)theory
D)construct

Question 17

For hypotheses to serve as good tests of specific theories,they must:

A)generate predictions that disagree with common sense
B)emphasize the causal relations between two or more variables
C)provide comprehensive statements about reality
D)follow in a clear and logical fashion from the theories in question

Question 18

Wason (1971)used the "E,K,4,7" task to demonstrate:

A)behavioral confirmation
B)the positive test bias
C)the perseverance effect
D)logical positivism

Question 19

Dr.Rose showed that aggression is predicted well by genetic factors.In contrast,Dr.Jones showed that aggression is predicted well by environmental factors.Which principle suggests that Dr.Rose and Dr.Jones may both be correct?

A)naïve realism
B)logical positivism
C)equifinality
D)parsimony

Question 20

A_______ is a universal statement that allows reliable predictions of future events.

A)theory
B)law
C)hypothesis
D)proof

Question 21

The goal of IRBs (internal review boards)is to ensure that all studies conducted at a specific university or research site:

A)adhere to consensually agreed upon community standards of ethical behavior
B)are scientifically rigorous and cost effective
C)directly benefit the people who serve as research participants
D)lead to treatments of,or cures for,major mental health problems

Question 22

To decide whether a specific research proposal is ethical,internal review boards (IRBs)always consider both "risks" and "benefits." What general rule regarding risks and benefits do IRBs apply?

A)The risk to benefit ratio in research must be at least 1:2,meaning that the benefits must be at least twice as great as the risks.
B)All risks and benefits likely to arise as a result of participation in a study must be fully explained to participants prior to their participation.
C)Any benefits that are likely to arise as a result of participation in a study must outweigh all of the risks.
D)The benefits of education in an experiment must outweigh any risks of coercion.

Question 23

Persuasive messages generally have the most impact shortly after they are delivered,but in some cases,the impact grows stronger over a period of time.Which deductive strategy for hypothesis generation does this represent?

A)validation
B)hypothetico-deductive method
C)falsification
D)accounting for exceptions

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT an inductive technique for generating research hypotheses?

A)using case studies
B)trying to account for paradoxical incidents
C)analyzing the practitioner's rule of thumb
D)reasoning by analogy

Question 25

Bowlby's reliance on observations of attachment behavior in primates as a way of understanding adult romantic attachment represents an example of the use _______ to generate new research ideas.

A)reasoning by analogy
B)a paradoxical incident
C)serendipity
D)a functional analysis

Question 26

Bill McGuire has argued that almost every theory in psychology is correct under some conditions and incorrect under others.In light of this fact,which approach to hypothesis testing would McGuire be most likely to support?

A)validation
B)qualification
C)falsification
D)demonstration

Question 27

Derek's proposed research study involves him engaging in casual conversations with his classmates regarding their alcohol use and then writing down their responses after he has returned home from class.His university's IRB is likely to reject his proposal on the grounds that it violates which ethical principle?

A)freedom from coercion
B)informed consent
C)protection from physical and psychological harm
D)qualification

Question 28

Induction refers to reasoning:

A)from the general to the specific
B)from the specific to the general
C)by means of analogy and insight
D)by means of intuition and counterexample

Question 29

Destroying a list of names that can be linked to participant identification numbers is an example of upholding ?

A)informed consent
B)confidentiality
C)inter-rater reliability
D)deception

Question 30

B.F.Skinner appears to have discovered the partial reinforcement effect when he was running a simple conditioning experiment,ran low on food pellets,and began reinforcing only a percentage of responses he otherwise would have reinforced 100% of the time.This is an example of:

A)capitalizing on a paradoxical incident
B)serendipity
C)reasoning by analogy
D)the hypothetico-deductive method

Question 31

Which approach to hypothesis testing can resolve the conflict between two opposing theories by specifying the conditions under which each of the theories is correct?

A)qualification
B)integration
C)validation
D)falsification

Question 32

McGuire's rules for generating research hypotheses can be divided into:

A)inductive and deductive techniques
B)productive and counterproductive techniques
C)traditional and progressive techniques
D)intuitive and theoretical techniques

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a deductive technique for generating research hypotheses?

A)capitalizing on serendipity
B)applying a functional or adaptive analysis
C)trying to account for conflicting results
D)trying to account for exceptions to well-established principles

Question 34

Dr.Swinkels conducted a lab experiment in which he told participants that one of their primary jobs was to make some ratings of scenes from popular movies.However,his actual reason for showing participants the movie clips was to manipulate the participants' mood.Once this experiment is done,Dr.Swinkels should make certain to:

A)explain the reason(s)for the deception in the study
B)explain what she expected to find in her experiment
C)put participants who saw sadness-inducing move clips back into a good mood
D)all of the above (she should do all three things)

Question 35

McGuire's research on attitude inoculation is a good example of generating a research hypothesis by taking advantage of:

A)a paradoxical incident
B)serendipity
C)reasoning by analogy
D)the hypothetico-deductive method