Deck 10: Perceiving Depth and Size

Question 1

 When your professor stands behind a podium, you perceive your professor as being further away than the podium because the podium blocks the vision of the professor's body. This is an example of which depth cue

A) relative height
B) convergence
C) occlusion
D) accommodation

Answer 1

C

Question 2

 When you put your 3-D glasses on at a movie, the lenses separate the two overlapping images so that each eye only receives one of the images. Today, the image separation is most often achieved by using _____ light.

A) disparate
B) alternative-source
C) displaced
D) polarized

Answer 2

D

Question 3

 The importance of _____ is that these stimuli rely solely on binocular disparity to provide the impression of depth.

A) lenticular projections?
B) stereographic photographs
C) gradient patterns
D) random dot stereograms

Answer 3

D

Question 4

 Deletion and accretion are _____.

A) especially effective when viewing non-moving displays
B) only important when both eyes are open
C) effective for detecting depth when moving sideways
D) ineffective for judging depth in natural environments

Question 5

 _____ is defined as depth perception created by input from both eyes.

A) Binocular integration
B) Convergent depth perception
C) Stereoscopic depth perception
D) Viewpoint dependent depth

Question 6

 _____ is a term used to describe conditions in which movements between the two eyes are not coordinated.

A) Strabismus
B) Macular degeneration
C) Ciliary disjunctive disorder
D) Oculomotor instability

Question 7

 Individuals with "walleye" or other conditions in which the eyes are misaligned have difficulty with depth perception because _____.

A) the cortex receives messages from both eyes, making it difficult to attend to one visual stimulus
B) the visual system suppresses vision in one eye in order to avoid having the experience of double vision
C) the misaligned eye movements are "jittery" making it difficult to form a stable perception
D) they are unable to use any picture depth cues

Question 8

 Several years ago, Bryce, a devoted fan of the Houston Rockets basketball team who had gone to many games in person, saw the player Yao Ming (who is 7'6" tall) standing next to his coach Jeff VanGundy (who is less than 6 feet tall). Bryce still remembers that she correctly perceived the two men as being the same distance away from her. Which depth cue most influenced her perception

A) relative height
B) relative size
C) familiar size
D) accretion

Question 9

 As Tyler looks down a railroad track, he perceives the sides of the tracks as becoming closer as the distance increases. This is an example of _____.

A) atmospheric perspective
B) familiar size
C) perspective convergence
D) motion parallax

Question 10

 Of the oculomotor depth cues, convergence is _____ than accommodation.

A) less effective
B) more effective
C) equally effective
D) less automatic

Question 11

 The imaginary plane in which all objects project to corresponding points in the left and right retina is _____.

A) the horopter
B) the univariance plane
C) the constancy arc
D) the binocular area

Question 12

 Epstein (1965) presented observers photographs of a quarter, dime, and half-dollar that were all equal in physical size. His results showed that _____.

A) familiar size is most effective when other information about depth is absent
B) familiar size is most effective when the observer has both eyes open
C) the quarter was judged to be closer than the dime, when viewed monocularly
D) accommodation is a stronger cue than any pictorial depth cue

Question 13

 What depth cue could be classified as a binocular cue and an oculomotor cue

A) accommodation
B) accretion
C) stereopsis
D) convergence

Question 14

 Merrill watches his finger with both eyes as he brings it closer to his nose. As the finger gets closer, his eyes move inward and he feels his eye muscles working. Which depth cue(s) is/are associated with the changes made in the shape of the lens as he brings objects into focus

A) accommodation and convergence
B) convergence and accretion
C) accretion
D) stereopsis

Question 15

 Motion parallax _____.

A) is widely used to create depth in cartoons and video games
B) is an important depth cue for amphibians, but not mammals
C) occurs when near objects are perceived as moving slower than distant objects
D) has not proven to be an effective cue for robot vision

Question 16

 _____ is the difference in the images in the two eyes; _____ is the impression of depth that results from this information.

A) Deletion; accretion
B) Accretion; deletion
C) Binocular disparity; convergence
D) Binocular disparity; stereopsis

Question 17

 Vinod is standing on a rooftop in a city. The buildings closer to him look sharper, and the buildings in the distance look hazier. This is an example of which depth cue

A) atmospheric perspective
B) occlusion
C) relative size
D) shadowing

Question 18

 A stereoscope provides the illusion of depth in 2-D images by _____.

A) rapidly alternating between two images
B) presenting an image to each eye at different distances from the retina
C) presenting an image to each eye that are from slightly different perspectives
D) presenting an image to each eye that have different polarization filters in place

Question 19

 The depth cue that is responsible for perceiving depth in "3-D" movies is _____.

A) motion parallax
B) accommodation
C) binocular disparity?
D) relative height

Question 20

 Which depth cue is effective both from 0-2 meters and above 20 meters

A) atmospheric perspective
B) occlusion
C) accommodation
D) convergence

Question 21

 The approximate visual angle of the width of your thumb held at arm's length is _____ degrees.

A) 0.5
B) 2.0
C) 4.7
D) 11.5

Question 22

 The correspondence problem is best demonstrated by _____.

A) random-dot stereograms
B) polarized 3-D images
C) Emmert's law
D) disparity parallax

Question 23

 Holway and Boring found that size constancy _____.

A) holds under all viewing conditions
B) is inconsistent with visual angles in humans
C) is more likely to occur if you have more depth cues
D) does not occur under binocular viewing conditions

Question 24

 According to Gregory's misapplied size constancy scaling hypothesis, we perceive the "arrows pointing out" version of the Muller-Lyer illusion as _____.

A) longer, because it is perceived as being further away
B) longer, because it is perceived as being closer
C) shorter, because it is perceived as further away
D) shorter, because it is perceived as being closer

Question 25

 The size-distance scaling equation is S = K(R x D). The "S" in the equation stands for _____.

A) stimulus intensity
B) an object's perceived size
C) an object's physical size
D) an object's physical shape

Question 26

 Blake and Hirsch (1975) use selective rearing of kittens to show that _____.

A) kittens are born with fully developed binocular cells
B) binocular neurons are not necessary for stereopsis
C) disparity-selective neurons are responsible for stereopsis
D) severing the optic chiasm increases the number of binocular cells

Question 27

 Myranda looks at a photograph of a truck. Which statement best describes how she will perceive this photograph?

A) She will always perceive a photograph of a real truck as being a real truck.
B) She will always perceive a photograph of a toy truck as being a toy truck.
C) She will perceive the toy truck as a toy truck if depth cues are eliminated.
D) Her perception of the size will depend on the known size of nearby objects.

Question 28

 Gregory's misapplied size constancy scaling explanation of the Müller-Lyer illusion _____.

A) has difficulty in explaining the "dumbbell" version of the illusion
B) can easily explain three-dimensional versions of the illusion
C) is incompatible with the size-distance scaling equation
D) has been unchallenged as the only viable explanation of the illusion

Question 29

 According to the _____ theory of the moon illusion, the overhead moon appears smaller when it is surrounded by a large amount of sky.

A) ocular dominance
B) stimulus deprivation
C) angular size-contrast
D) apparent-distance

Question 30

 When Uka and DeAngelis microstimulated disparity-selective neurons in a monkey, the monkey made a behavioral depth response based on the _____.

A) angle of disparity on the retina
B) tuning curve of the stimulated neurons
C) orientation of the stimulus
D) location of the horopter

Question 31

 Bats are able to determine depth by using _____.

A) echolocation
B) stereopsis
C) movement parallax
D) collocation

Question 32

 According to Day's "conflicting cues theory", the perception of vertical line lengths depends on _____.

A) the actual length of the lines and the relative size of nearby objects
B) the overall length of the figure and the amount of texture gradient
C) the amount of texture gradient and the relative size of nearby objects
D) the actual length of the lines and the overall length of the figure

Question 33

 If you hold one quarter about 12 inches from your eyes, and another quarter at arm's length, the two quarters will be perceived to be about the same size when _____.

A) both eyes are open
B) only the left eye is open
C) only the right eye is open
D) viewed either binocularly or monocularly

Question 34

 A major assumption of the apparent-distance theory of the moon illusion is that the sky overhead _____.

A) appears to be further away than the horizon because of the lack of the depth cue of atmospheric perspective
B) appears to be further away than the horizon because of the depth cue of stereopsis
C) appears to be closer than the horizon because of the lack of depth cues
D) appears to be closer than the horizon because of the depth cue of accommodation

Question 35

 A ________ is able to make use of binocular disparity because it has ____ eyes.

A) rabbit; frontal
B) rabbit; lateral
C) cat; frontal
D) monkey; lateral

Question 36

 The size-distance scaling equation explains the Ames Room illusion because _____.

A) we perceive the two people in the room to be the same size because the size of the image on the retina is the same
B) we perceive the two people in the room to be of different sizes even though the size of the image on the retina is the same
C) we perceive the two people in the room to be different sizes because they are perceived to be at different distances away
D) we perceive the two people in the room to be different sizes because they are perceived to be at the same distance away and their retinal image size is different

Question 37

 The key to the Ames Room illusion is that _____.

A) the room is constructed to look rectangular to the observer but it is not
B) the room is constructed of rectangular walls, but does not look that way
C) people of a wide range of physical heights are put in the room
D) all depth cues except binocular disparity are eliminated

Question 38

 The depth cue of ____ is the most important in the Ponzo (railroad track) illusion.

A) perspective convergence
B) accommodation
C) stereopsis?
D) motion parallax

Question 39

 The anecdote in the book of the pilot misjudging the size of an object on the ground in whiteout conditions is most closely related to which research study

A) Holway and Boring's (1941) "hallway" study
B) Blake and Hirsch's (1975) "selective rearing of kittens" study
C) Julesz's (1971) "random-dot stereogram" study
D) DeLucia and Hochberg's (1985) "dumbbell Muller-Lyer" study

Question 40

 The size-distance scaling equation explains Emmert's Law because _____.

A) retinal size is constant as perceived distance changes
B) retinal size changes as perceived distance remains constant
C) perceived size remains constant as retinal size changes
D) perceived size changes as the color of the afterimage changes

Question 41

 An insect is most likely to use _____ to perceive depth.

A) atmospheric perspective
B) movement parallax
C) size information
D) binocular disparity

Question 42

 Describe the differences in how depth is perceived in cats, insects, and bats.

Question 43

 Discuss the method, results, and implications of the Holway and Boring (1941) "hallway" experiment.

Question 44

 Fox et al. (1980) found that the ability to use binocular disparity develops between _____.

A) 1 to 2 months
B) 2 ½ to 3 months
C) 3 ½ to 6 months
D) 10 to 11 months

Question 45

 In their study on infant use of familiar size as depth cue, Granrud et al. used _____ as the stimuli, and _____ as the dependent measure.

A) objects of different sizes; reaching
B) photographs of fruit bowls; sucking rate
C) mobiles; eye movements
D) photographs of stuffed animals; eye movements

Question 46

 Ambrozia is a four-month-old infant. Which depth cue is she most likely able to use

A) familiar size?
B) shadows
C) linear perspective
D) binocular disparity

Question 47

 Name, define, and give an example (in words and/or drawings) of six pictorial depth cues.

Question 48

 The ability to use binocular disparity as a depth cue _____.

A) develops after using overlap as a depth cue
B) occurs before binocular fixation develops
C) develops after using familiar size as a depth cue
D) can be tested using random dot stereograms

Question 49

State and identify the components of the size-distance scaling equation.
(b) Specify how the size-distance scaling equation can explain the phenomenon: Emmert's Law; the Ames Room illusion and the Muller-Lyer illusion.

Question 50

 Discuss motion-based depth perception cues.

Question 51

 Suppose you watch a "3-D" movie (using red/blue "3-D glasses") with your friends. After the movie, a friend asks "Why do we see such depth in this movie
Summarize how you would answer this question.

Question 52

How are random-dot stereograms created
(b) What is the importance of random-dot stereograms
(c) How is the correspondence problem related to the concept of random-dot stereograms
(d) What have the results of infant studies with random-dot stereograms revealed?