Deck 8: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Question 1

 Which of the following statements about ADHD is false?

A) No single cause for the behavior patterns of children with ADHD has been identified.
B) ADHD is an umbrella term used to describe several different patterns of behavior that differ slightly.
C) Hyperactivity and inattention together are essential features of ADHD.
D) There are no distinct signs of ADHD that can be seen with an x-ray or a lab test.

Answer 1

Hyperactivity and inattention together are essential features of ADHD.

Question 2

 In comparison to children with ADHD-HI, children with the subtype ADHD-PI are at greater risk of ____.

A) antisocial behavior
B) rejection by peers
C) anxiety/mood disorders
D) placement in a special education class

Answer 2

anxiety/mood disorders

Question 3

 The brain damage theory of ADHD, which arose in the 1940s and 1950s, was discarded because ____.

A) no evidence of brain damage could be found using x-ray
B) the psychological cause of ADHD was "found" in 1958
C) it could explain only a very small number of cases of ADHD
D) brain damage was thought to cause mental retardation, not ADHD

Answer 3

it could explain only a very small number of cases of ADHD

Question 4

 Which of the following is not true about ADHD-HI?

A) Children with ADHD-HI are often older than those with ADHD-C.
B) The ADHD-HI subtype is the rarest subtype of ADHD.
C) Children with ADHD-HI are more likely to display behavioral problems than those with ADHD-PI.
D) Children with ADHD-HI are more likely to be suspended from school than those with ADHD-PI.

Question 5

 Which of the following is not an additional criterion for a diagnosis of ADHD?

A) Symptoms must appear prior to age 12.
B) Symptoms must be present for at least 6 months.
C) Symptoms must occur in more than one setting.
D) Symptoms must produce significant impairments in the child's social or academic performance.

Question 6

 What might be the most difficult task for a child with ADHD?

A) Learning a new video game
B) Paying attention to the teacher when someone else in the class is talking
C) Remembering a friend's phone number
D) Working for 45 minutes on a sheet of simple math problems

Question 7

 Children with ADHD who are at increased risk for conduct or oppositional problems are those who exhibit ____.

A) behavioral impulsivity
B) cognitive impulsivity
C) selective inattention
D) diminished attentional capacity

Question 8

 In an early study, Sir Alexander Crichton described a syndrome that included early onset, restlessness, inattention, and poor school performance. Such individuals were described as having _______________.

A) attention deficit disorder (ADD)
B) the fidgets
C) ADHD
D) brain-injured child syndrome

Question 9

 One of the first known published accounts of hyperactivity in children, published in 1845, referred to

A) a child named "Fidgety Phil."
B) a boy from Chicago named Dusty.
C) a child who was often the symptom of ridicule at school.
D) a boy who was ostracized and had no friends

Question 10

 Which of the following is an additional criterion for a diagnosis of ADHD?

A) Symptoms must appear prior to age 12.
B) Symptoms must be present for at least one year.
C) Symptoms must occur in at least one setting.
D) Symptoms must produce significant impairments in the child's social or academic performance.

Question 11

 What is an example of cognitive impulsivity?

A) Blurting out an answer in class
B) Touching a hot stove
C) Rushed thinking
D) Interrupting a parent on the telephone

Question 12

 When Jessica sits down to do her homework and study, she is easily distracted by the television in another room. Jessica demonstrates a deficit in ____.

A) attentional control
B) sustained attention
C) selective attention
D) attentional capacity

Question 13

 The core attentional deficit in ADHD is believed by many to be ____.

A) selective attention
B) attentional capacity
C) sustained attention/vigilance
D) distractibility

Question 14

 Bradley has particular difficulty paying attention when he is tired or uninterested in the task at hand. Bradley demonstrates a deficit in ____.

A) sustained attention
B) distractibility
C) selective attention
D) attentional capacity

Question 15

 Which of the following is another term for a deficit in selective attention?

A) Distractibility
B) Impulsivity
C) Dual attention
D) Disorganization

Question 16

 Recently, the symptoms that have been emphasized as the central impairments of ADHD are ____.

A) inattention and difficulty regulating motor behavior
B) difficulty inhibiting behavior and poor self-regulation
C) inattention and poor moral control
D) hyperactivity and cognitive problems

Question 17

 Virginia Douglas (1972) made the argument that ____.

A) hyperactivity is the primary component of ADHD
B) in addition to hyperactivity, inattention and deficits in impulse control are the primary symptoms
C) ADHD is due to minimal brain damage
D) ADHD is psychological rather than biological in origin

Question 18

 Jeremy cannot remember a phone number without jotting it down. He demonstrates a deficit in ____.

A) impulsivity
B) sustained attention
C) selective attention
D) attentional capacity

Question 19

 When is a child with ADHD likely to display more motor activity than other children?

A) When asked to sit still at his desk
B) In his sleep
C) While playing on the playground
D) All of these

Question 20

 Children who are at increased risk for problems in academic achievement are those who exhibit ____.

A) behavioral impulsivity
B) cognitive impulsivity
C) selective inattention
D) behavioral impulsivity and cognitive impulsivity

Question 21

 Which statement best describes the intelligence of a child with ADHD?

A) Over 50% of children with ADHD are below average in intelligence.
B) Over 50% of children with ADHD are above average in intelligence.
C) Brighter children tend to show more symptoms of impulsivity and hyperactivity.
D) Most children with ADHD are of average intelligence.

Question 22

 The higher rates of ADHD in lower SES groups are best accounted for by ____.

A) the presence of co-occurring depression
B) the presence of co-occurring parental psychopathology
C) the presence of co-occurring conduct problems
D) the presence of co-occurring learning problems

Question 23

 The relationship between ADHD and depression appears to be a function of ____.

A) the bullying and isolation that a child experiences
B) family risk for one disorder increasing the risk for the other
C) general family stress
D) the parallel impact of school achievement

Question 24

 Which of the following is not true about ADHD-PI?

A) Children with ADHD-PI are often described as daydreamy and drowsy.
B) Children with ADHD-PI have difficulties with speed of information processing.
C) Children with ADHD-PI are often described as aggressive and rude.
D) Research evidence suggests that children diagnosed with ADHD-PI may actually have a completely different disorder than children with ADHD-HI and ADHD-C.

Question 25

 In comparison to boys, girls with ADHD are more likely to display ____.

A) higher levels of hyperactivity
B) greater impairment in executive functions
C) higher levels of aggression
D) inattentive/disorganized symptoms

Question 26

 The best prevalence estimate for ADHD in school-age children in North America is ____.

A) 1% to 2%
B) 5% to 9%
C) 12% to 14%
D) 15% to 20%

Question 27

 Diagnostic criteria for ADHD includes which symptom of inattention?

A) Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat
B) Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities
C) Often talks excessively
D) Often has difficulty waiting his/her turn

Question 28

 The most common comorbid psychological disorder(s) in children with ADHD is/are ____.

A) anxiety and depression
B) oppositional defiant disorder and depression
C) tic disorder
D) conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder

Question 29

 The mental processes underlying children's capacity for self-regulation are called ____.

A) executive functions
B) metacognition
C) self-perceptions
D) thought tracking

Question 30

 Mothers of children with ADHD are also more likely to have ____.

A) substance abuse problems
B) schizophrenia
C) depression
D) antisocial personality disorder

Question 31

 The higher incidence of ADHD in boys versus girls is most likely due to ____.

A) girls age out of ADHD in childhood
B) societal expectations and acceptance
C) more aggression in girls
D) greater attention span in females

Question 32

 Girls with ADHD are more likely than girls without ADHD to have ____.

A) conduct, mood, and anxiety disorders
B) lower rates of verbal aggression
C) higher IQ and school achievement scores
D) a large social network

Question 33

 Children from which racial/ethnic group are teachers most likely to rate as ADHD?

A) Caucasian
B) African American
C) Asian
D) Hispanic

Question 34

 Which of the following is NOT an area in which symptoms of accident-proneness and risk taking that are common in individuals with ADHD are manifested?

A) Driving behaviors
B) Anxiety disorders
C) Incidence of STDs
D) Substance abuse

Question 35

 Children with ADHD display ____.

A) a decreased desire for peer relationships
B) a poor understanding of social reasoning
C) a strong ability to correctly recognize emotions in others
D) little give-and-take in relationships with peers

Question 36

 Which child would be more likely to display a positive illusory bias?

A) A child with ADHD-HI and conduct problems
B) A child with ADHD-HI and depression
C) A child with ADHD-PI and anxiety
D) A child with ADHD-PI and conduct problems

Question 37

 A common condition among children with ADHD, a ______________ is characterized by marked motor incoordination and delays in achieving motor milestones.

A) mood dysregulation disorder
B) tic disorder
C) developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
D) developmental learning disorder (DLD)

Question 38

 Which of the following is TRUE of children with ADHD?

A) They are deficient in social reasoning.
B) They have the same social agenda as their peers.
C) They report receiving high social support from peers.
D) They are consistently rejected by peers

Question 39

 Which is a characteristic of the speech/language of a child with ADHD?

A) Mumbling that is difficult to distinguish
B) Consistent topic discussion
C) Quiet speech that is difficult to hear
D) Unclear links in conversation

Question 40

 Which is true regarding ADHD and culture?

A) ADHD has been found to occur more in higher SES groups than lower ones.
B) ADHD has been identified in only one or two countries around the world in which it has been studied.
C) Differences in the prevalence of ADHD across cultures may reflect cultural norms.
D) ADHD presents the same in each country.

Question 41

 One focus of educational intervention treatments is to

A) provide a supportive relationship in which the youth can discuss personal concerns and feelings.
B) combine other treatments in an intensive treatment program.
C) reduce conflicts at home.
D) teach prosocial and self-regulating behaviors.

Question 42

 Children with ADHD display deficits in ____.

A) intelligence
B) motor activity
C) self-regulation
D) arousal

Question 43

 Neurobiological research on the causes of ADHD has shown consistent support for the implication of the

A) limbic system.
B) hippocampus.
C) reticular activating system.
D) frontostriatal circuitry.

Question 44

 With regard to the onset of symptoms of ADHD, ____.

A) symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention tend to emerge at about the same time, usually in the preschool years
B) symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention tend to emerge at about the same time, usually in the early primary school years
C) symptoms of inattention usually emerge before symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity
D) symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity usually decline by adolescence

Question 45

 What does research into the negative influence of family on ADHD symptomatology indicate?

A) Familial factors account for a significant degree of variance in ADHD symptoms.
B) Familial factors account for only a small degree of variance in ADHD symptoms.
C) Familial factors may increase the severity of certain ADHD symptoms.
D) Familial factors account for only a small degree of variance in ADHD symptoms, although they may increase the severity of certain symptoms.

Question 46

 What were the results of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA Study)?

A) In general, behavioral treatment was superior to medication management.
B) Adding behavioral treatments to medication resulted in benefits over and above medications in terms of alleviating core symptoms.
C) Three years after the conclusion of the treatment, only the medication management group continued to benefit from treatment.
D) There were no variations in the amount of change between groups.

Question 47

 When utilizing educational interventions, disruptive or off-task classroom behaviors may be punished with ____ that involve the loss of privileges, activities, points, or tokens following inappropriate behavior.

A) partial-response procedures
B) all-or-nothing procedures
C) response-cost procedures
D) delayed-cost procedures

Question 48

 Minor physical anomalies and other risk factors before, during, and after birth are specific risk factors for ____.

A) ADHD, but not other forms of psychopathology
B) many forms of psychopathology
C) ADHD and conduct disorder alone
D) anxiety and depression alone

Question 49

 Twin studies suggest that ____ factors play the largest role in accounting for ADHD.

A) shared environmental
B) nonshared environmental
C) heritable
D) cultural

Question 50

 Stimulant medications work by ____.

A) paradoxically slowing kids down
B) altering neurotransmitter activity in the frontostriatal region of the brain (stimulating areas that are underaroused)
C) enhancing mood, which in turn enhances self-esteem and behavioral control
D) "convincing" parents and teachers that the medications are working, even when they're not (placebo effect)

Question 51

 One exemplary intensive intervention for ADHD, developed by Dr. William Pelham, is known as the

A) parent management training (PMT).
B) school-based intervention program.
C) summer treatment program.
D) stimulant medications intensive treatment program.

Question 52

 In Hoover and Milich's study (1994), mothers who (erroneously) believed that their children had ingested sugar ____.

A) described them as "sweeter" than did mothers of children in the control condition
B) rated them as happier and calmer than did mothers of children in the control condition
C) were more critical of their children and rated them as more hyperactive than did mothers of children in the control condition
D) did not notice any change in their children's behavior

Question 53

 Causes for the controversy over Ritalin and other stimulants include all of the following EXCEPT

A) questions about whether parents are being coerced into administering stimulants so that their children can attend school.
B) a large and growing number of children and adolescents in the US are taking stimulants for ADHD.
C) research on the benefits of stimulants is contradictory; some studies suggest substantial benefits while others suggest that their usage is harmful.
D) wide varieties in diagnostic practices, treatment decisions, and rates of use contribute to inconsistent practices and conclusions about results.

Question 54

 Individuals with ADHD are typically identified as ADHD and referred for special assistance during the __________.

A) preschool
B) elementary school
C) adolescence
D) adulthood

Question 55

 Which is true of the course of ADHD?

A) ADHD does not develop until school age.
B) The majority of children with ADHD outgrow their problems before adolescence.
C) Many adults have ADHD but were never been diagnosed in childhood.
D) Signs of ADHD are unlikely to be present before the age of two.

Question 56

 An educational intervention for ADHD may include ____.

A) positive punishment procedures in the classroom
B) use of workbooks in the classroom
C) giving written and oral instructions in the classroom
D) residential care

Question 57

 Mothers of children with ADHD often describe their children as being ____ as infants.

A) difficult
B) easy
C) indistinguishable from their siblings
D) overly anxious and depressed

Question 58

 Research into causal factors provides strong evidence for ADHD as a disorder with ____ determinants.

A) biological
B) neurobiological
C) socioenvironmental
D) familial

Question 59

 DRD4, the dopamine receptor gene, has been linked to ____.

A) inhibition
B) attention
C) impulsivity
D) cognition

Question 60

 Which of the following is most likely to cause ADHD?

A) Too much sugar
B) Fluorescent lighting
C) Poor school environment
D) No single theory has been able to identify a cause

Question 61

 The co-occurrence of ADHD and conduct disorder has led some researchers to suggest a subgroup of children with ADHD at increased risk for conduct problems. What support is there for such a subtype?

Question 62

 List and describe impaired executive functions in ADHD as well as resulting impairments.

Question 63

 Describe the difficulties children experience that have co-occurring ADHD and anxiety.

Question 64

 Discuss the factors that can influence more positive outcomes for children with ADHD.

Question 65

 Distinguish between the different subtypes of ADHD.

Question 66

 Discuss the relationship between ADHD and race and ethnicity. What racial/ethnic groups are teachers most and least likely to rate as ADHD.

Question 67

 Identify and describe symptoms of ADHD related to accident-proneness and risk taking.

Question 68

 Describe the influence that dietary factors, notably sugar consumption, contribute to hyperactivity.

Question 69

 Describe three types of attention deficits seen in children with ADHD, and provide an example of each.

Question 70

 What is the role of the family in etiology and development of ADHD symptoms?

Question 71

 How do the symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity change over the lifespan?

Question 72

 Discuss the nature of relationships in adolescence.

Question 73

 Discuss the behavioral differences in boys and girls with ADHD that have been found in clinical samples.

Question 74

 What are some of the limitations of the DSM-5 as a means of diagnosing ADHD? What changes have been suggested to address these limitations?

Question 75

 Executive functions include cognitive, language, motor, and emotional processes. Give an example of each, and explain how executive functions relate to ADHD.