Deck 2: Seciton 2: Beginnings: Theories of Development

Question 1

The term _____ communicates a common behavior that results from biological or social pressure.

Answer 1

norm

Question 2

The _____theory states that every individual learns many things through observation and imitation of other people.

Answer 2

social learning

Question 3

A _____ is an average or usual event or experience.

Answer 3

norm

Question 4

Theories can produce hypotheses, generate _____, and offer practical guidance.

Question 5

Jason learned that emotions impact performance. From this, he developed the idea that students who are sad when they take a test will perform poorly compared to those who take it while happy. In this example, Jason used a theory to produce a _____.

Question 6

Grand theories are comprehensive, enduring, and widely _____.

Question 7

The foundation of psychoanalytic theory is inner drives, motives, and _____ needs.

Question 8

According to Freud, the _____ stage is the first stage of psychosexual development.

Question 9

In Western cultures, it is a _____ for brides to wear white at their weddings.

Question 10

_____ is the psychoanalytic theorist who described eight stages of human development.

Question 11

Within his theory of psychosocial development, _____ emphasized relationships to family and culture at each stage of the theory.

Question 12

A _____theory is a systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change over time.

Question 13

Theories can produce hypotheses, generate discoveries, and offer practical _____.

Question 14

Tanner received praise for his aggressive defense in the basketball game. This encouraged him to play aggressive defense in the next game. In this example, praise was operating as a _____ for Tanner.

Question 15

Theories can produce _____, generate discoveries, and offer practical guidance.

Question 16

In _____ conditioning, a person takes an action that is followed by a response.

Question 17

The process by which responses gradually are linked to particular stimuli is called _____.

Question 18

After visiting the doctor's office several times and receiving a shot each time, Erin now tenses and cries when her mother pulls into the doctor's parking lot. Erin's response is due to _____ conditioning.

Question 19

Behaviorism is a type of _____ theory.

Question 20

A _____ is an explanation of facts and observations defined by a set of concepts and ideas that organize phenomena.

Question 21

The _____ theory was inspired by the input, programming, memory, and output of a computer.

Question 22

_____ theories hold that all people share impulses and motivations.

Question 23

With respect to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, _____ is when new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into old ideas.

Question 24

_____ stresses the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs.

Question 25

The central thesis of _____ theory is that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and their surrounding society.

Question 26

Selective _____ is the process by which living creatures (including people) adjust to their environment.

Question 27

Vygotsky said that each person develops with the guidance of more skilled members of the society, who are tutors or mentors in a(n) _____ in thinking.

Question 28

According to Piaget, humans seek cognitive _____.

Question 29

According to _____, all people have the same basic needs, which can be arranged on a hierarchy.

Question 30

_____ thought that people should give each other unconditional positive regard.

Question 31

Tim watches his dad mow the lawn. After a few minutes, Tim takes a toy lawnmower and begins following his dad, row by row. Tim is _____ his dad's behavior.

Question 32

According to Maslow, a person getting a drink is satisfying a _____ need.

Question 33

Within Maslow's hierarchy of needs, one sign of self-actualization is that the person has _____ experiences in which life is so intensely joyful that time stops and self-seeking disappears.

Question 34

When a person takes actions that others then copy, they are _____ certain behaviors.

Question 35

Vygotsky developed the concept of _____, which is the method used by parents, teachers, and entire societies to teach novices the skills and habits expected within their culture.

Question 36

According to _____ theory, nature works to ensure that individuals survive and reproduce.

Question 37

According to Maslow, a person taking a self-defense class is satisfying a _____ need.

Question 38

With respect to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, _____ is when old ideas are restructured to include new experiences.

Question 39

Piaget's stages of cognitive development include the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and _____ operational stages.

Question 40

Humanists emphasize what all people have in _____, not their national, ethnic, or cultural differences.

Question 41

Dr. Fine is trying to explain childhood aggression. He says that children might learn aggression by observing it, but they also may be expressing aggression because being aggressive may allow them to survive long enough to reproduce. In explaining childhood aggression, Dr. Fine is using the _____ perspective.

Question 42

Each theory, grand or newer, has received severe criticism. The _____ theory has been criticized for being too subjective.