Deck 15: Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence (Neurodevelopmental Disorders)

Question 1

A controlled study of family history and onset of depression found that children from mood-disordered families had ________ those from nondisordered families.

A) slightly greater resistance to depression than
B) significantly higher rates of depression than
C) more anxiety but less depression than
D) similar rates of psycholpathology as

Answer 1

significantly higher rates of depression than

Question 2

What genetic factor has been cited as a cause of anxiety disorders in children?

A) Early illness or accident
B) Overanxious, overprotective parents
C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) Indifferent or detached parents

Answer 2

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 3

Studies into whether depressed parents negatively affect their infants showed that ________

A) depressed mothers are overly responsive to their infants' facial expressions.
B) depression in either the mother or the father can be transmitted to the next generation.
C) fathers tend to blame themselves when children are depressed but mothers blame the children.
D) both mothers and fathers engage in impulsive, antisocial behaviors which the children mimic.

Answer 3

depression in either the mother or the father can be transmitted to the next generation.

Question 4

The term "juvenile delinquent" is ________

A) used when a diagnosis of early-onset antisocial personality disorder has been made.
B) defined by the legal system.
C) inconsistent with the diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder.
D) rarely used in modern times.

Question 5

Research on the effectiveness of antidepressants for the treatment of childhood depression has found ________

A) that drugs are just as effective as therapy.
B) that children experience fewer side effects from antidepressant medications than adults.
C) that there is no biological basis for childhood depression.
D) cognitive behavioral therapy can be very effective.

Question 6

A crucial aspect of for those in the field of developmental psychopathology is understanding individual maladaptation ________

A) as a phenomenon no different in children than in adults.
B) as a disease process.
C) in the context of normal developmental changes.
D) in a cultural context that determines what is acceptable behavior.

Question 7

The most common childhood anxiety disorder is ________.

A) selective mutism
B) depression
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) specific phobias

Question 8

Which statement about separation anxiety disorder is accurate?

A) Children who have the disorder commonly develop antisocial personality disorder as adults.
B) The child with separation anxiety is likely to be immature and lack self-confidence.
C) The disorder is equally common in boys and girls.
D) It is a severe but extremely rare form of childhood anxiety disorder.

Question 9

Among children, the most commonly diagnosed disorders are ________

A) anxiety disorders.
B) psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia.
C) depression and phobic conditions.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder and conduct disorder.

Question 10

Some studies of the effectiveness of antidepressant medication with children have ________

A) shown that Prozac is extremely effective in producing long-term symptom relief.
B) shown that these drugs are associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
C) indicated that while these drugs have few side effects, neither do they have any benefits.
D) a major drawback: children develop tolerance to the drugs and become psychologically dependent on them.

Question 11

Children with separation anxiety disorder ________

A) have a school phobia.
B) fear impending separation but are fine once it actually happens.
C) fear separation from major attachment figures and worry they will die once separation occurs.
D) frequently develop conduct disorder as a result.

Question 12

Prenatal exposure to _______ is related to depression in children.

A) phenylalanine
B) protein
C) alcohol
D) allergens

Question 13

An interesting and effective cognitive-behavioral anxiety prevention and treatment study in which children were taught to recognize and deal with their feelings, and parents were taught how to manage their anxious children's behavior, was implemented in which country?

A) China
B) Nigeria
C) United States
D) Australia

Question 14

Separation anxiety disorder is best illustrated by which of the following people?

A) Thomas, who is fiercely independent of other children and his parents.
B) Harriet, who refuses to talk to her teachers or adults other than her parents.
C) Isabella, who worries that her father will die if she is not near him.
D) Chuck, who is afraid he will be beaten by bullies at school.

Question 15

Of the several environmental influences listed in the chapter which make children vulnerable to psychological problems, which one can also protect children from these problems?

A) A lack of self-understanding
B) Dependence on adults
C) Unrealistic expectations
D) A limited understanding of death

Question 16

What two childhood disorders are characterized by aggressive or antisocial behavior?

A) Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder
B) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder
C) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and childhood depression
D) Conduct disorder and childhood depression

Question 17

What was the greatest problem that emerged when a classification system for childhood disorders was being developed?

A) The same classification system that had been developed for adults was used for children.
B) Few childhood disorders had been identified.
C) The role of parents in the development of disordered behavior was overemphasized.
D) There was a hesitancy to identify childhood disorders as parents were likely to be blamed for any diagnosis given.

Question 18

Evidence that culture plays a role in the development of childhood anxiety disorders comes from the fact that ________

A) African American children rarely show symptoms of PTSD.
B) children from cultures that favor inhibition and compliance report more fears.
C) children from cultures that favor independence report more fears.
D) overanxious children rarely have overanxious parents.

Question 19

Childhood and adult depression differ in what way?

A) Irritability is often seen as a major symptom in childhood depression.
B) Altered eating habits are not seen in childhood depression.
C) Adult depression does not remit without pharmacological intervention.
D) Altered hormone levels are not seen in children.

Question 20

What complicates the diagnosis of maladaptive behavior in childhood?

A) Behavior that is problematic for a child of one age is normal behavior for a child of a different age.
B) The dividing line between childhood and adolescence has been arbitrarily drawn.
C) Most psychological disorders in the young have an identifiable environmental cause.
D) Drugs are not effective in treating the disorders that are most commonly seen in children.

Question 21

Research on the families of children with conduct disorder suggests that ________

A) antisocial behavioral patterns may be learned.
B) environmental factors are rarely involved in disorders of childhood onset.
C) genetics do not play a role in the development of antisocial tendencies.
D) parental substance abuse is the greatest risk factor for early-onset conduct disorder.

Question 22

After her parents' divorce, Julia began wetting the bed. She wets the bed almost nightly and is embarrassed about it in the morning. What disorder would this 7-year-old be diagnosed with?

A) Primary functional enuresis
B) Secondary functional enuresis
C) Primary functional encopresis
D) Secondary organic enuresis

Question 23

Functional enuresis is found in ________ of children age 15 or older.

A) 5 to 10 percent
B) 3 to 5 percent
C) 1.1 percent
D) 0.75 percent

Question 24

Throughout his young life, Quincy, age 7, rarely wakes up in the morning to a dry bed. Quincy would be diagnosed as having ________

A) primary functional encopresis.
B) secondary functional encopresis.
C) primary functional enuresis.
D) secondary functional enuresis.

Question 25

Drugs used to treat enuresis, such as imipramine, are thought to ________, although the mechanism is unclear.

A) alleviate the anxiety that is leading to poor bladder control
B) increase water retention
C) inhibit reflexive bladder emptying
D) decrease the deepest stage of sleep

Question 26

Low socioeconomic status and living in a poor neighborhood are ________ variables that increase the probability of a child developing conduct disorder.

A) genetic
B) sociocultural
C) familial
D) chemical

Question 27

What is the self-perpetuating cycle in conduct disorder?

A) A genetic predisposition leads to a low IQ and difficult temperament, which leads to poor parenting and an insecure attachment, which leads to conduct disorder.
B) A genetic predisposition leads to a difficult temperament, which leads to behavior problems, which lead to parental overindulgence and lack of discipline, which leads to conduct disorder.
C) A genetic predisposition leads to an easy temperament but because of abusive parents, this leads to depression which in turn leads to conduct disorder.
D) A genetic predisposition leads to an easy temperament, which leads to parental neglect, which leads to anxiety, which leads to conduct disorder.

Question 28

Girls with conduct disorder ________

A) seek security from a father figure.
B) are at risk for teen pregnancy.
C) usually have a comorbid diagnosis of ADHD and/or a mood disorder.
D) do not show the same social deficits seen in boys.

Question 29

The cohesive family model is a treatment strategy for the child with conduct disorder that ________

A) focuses on how the child's behavior elicits negative responses from other family members.
B) proposes that dysfunctional interactions have served to maintain the child's problematic behavior.
C) teaches the child basic moral lessons.
D) combines punitive and therapeutic interventions.

Question 30

In ________, the clinician teaches the parents how to effectively prompt and reinforce prosocial behaviors while ignoring aggressive or antisocial behaviors.

A) parent management training
B) child management training
C) the Fast Track Prevention Program
D) psychoanalysis

Question 31

Artiss developed conduct disorder early. Bertram developed conduct disorder late. This suggests that ________

A) Artiss will have a higher level of intelligence.
B) Artiss will have a higher likelihood of adult antisocial personality disorder.
C) Bertram will have a higher likelihood of social dysfunctions.
D) Bertram will show more severe neuropsychological deficits and attentional problems.

Question 32

The parenting in families of children with conduct disorders typically involves ________

A) accepting the child's behavior as "normal."
B) providing the child with harsh but consistent discipline.
C) rejection and neglect.
D) overprotecting the child.

Question 33

Which behavior pattern is least likely to be found in a child with conduct disorder?

A) Fire-setting and vandalism
B) Substance abuse
C) Constant worry about minor issues
D) Depression

Question 34

How many of the 15 symptoms of conduct disorder must be present to justify a diagnosis of CD?

A) 3
B) 7
C) 12
D) 15

Question 35

In order of diagnosis, ________ occurs before antisocial personality disorder just as ________ occurs before conduct disorder.

A) ODD; ADHD
B) conduct disorder; ODD
C) ADHD; ODD
D) conduct disorder; ADHD

Question 36

Brad has been diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). The disorder began around age 12 and is characterized by disobedient and hostile behavior toward authority figures. What aspect of this case is unusual?

A) It is unusual for children with ODD to be boys.
B) It is unusual for the onset of ODD to occur at age 12.
C) It is unusual for children with ODD to be hostile toward authority figures.
D) Nothing about this case is unusual.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about early-onset conduct disorder is true?

A) Later problems are not likely.
B) Most will develop antisocial personality disorder.
C) The majority will continue to have, at minimum, social dysfunction as adults.
D) Environmental factors predict whether or not the disorder persists.

Question 38

Which of the following is a risk factor for ODD and conduct disorder?

A) Inconsistent parental discipline.
B) Vaccines.
C) Middle socioeconomic status.
D) Childhood obesity.

Question 39

The development of conduct disorder in adolescence ________

A) predicts the development of other psychopathology in adulthood.
B) rarely occurs.
C) commonly occurs in teens who suffer from ADHD.
D) is not associated with lasting behavioral problems as much as early-onset conduct disorder

Question 40

Effective treatments for conduct disorder usually involve ________

A) removing the child from the environment that has fostered the maladaptive behavior.
B) legal intervention.
C) teaching the child basic moral lessons.
D) parental participation.

Question 41

As a camp counselor, you are surprised when you hear that one of your young campers takes a hormone replacement drug intranasally to treat a psychological disorder. The disorder is most likely ________

A) enuresis.
B) autism.
C) somnambulism.
D) encopresis.

Question 42

Which child below best illustrates the typical child with functional encopresis?

A) A 12-year-old girl who soils herself at school.
B) A 14-year-old boy who suffers from chronic diarrhea.
C) A 7-year-old boy who soils himself when under stress.
D) A 10-year-old girl who also has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Question 43

Which ADHD medication is a combination of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine?

A) Ritalin.
B) Pemoline
C) Strattera.
D) Adderall

Question 44

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is ________

A) commonly diagnosed after age of 15.
B) more frequently diagnosed than other disorders in children and adolescents.
C) seen equally in boys and girls.
D) thought to occur in about 15 percent of school-aged children.

Question 45

The evidence suggests that medications for ADHD ________

A) work well for the short term but long-term effects are not well-known.
B) work well for both the short and long term.
C) really don't work at all-what is seen is due to the placebo effect.
D) only work for children who have had the diagnosis at least two years.

Question 46

ADHD is characterized by a persistent pattern of difficulties ________

A) negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures.
B) violation of rules and a disregard for the rights of others.
C) excessive anxiety about separation from major attachment figures.
D) sustaining attention and/or impulsiveness and excessive or exaggerated motor activity.

Question 47

Some of the same genes that have been linked with an increased risk of ________ also increase the risk of ADHD, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression.

A) separation anxiety
B) autism
C) enuresis
D) conduct disorder.

Question 48

Currently, the cause of ADHD is believed to be ________

A) a combination of family pathology and poor peer modeling.
B) excessive sugar in the diet.
C) an allergic reaction to certain foods and food additives.
D) both genetic and social-environmental factors.

Question 49

Which of the following is not listed in the DSM-5 under elimination disorders?

A) Primary Functional Enuresis
B) Encopresis
C) Secondary Functional Enuresis
D) Sleepwalking disorder

Question 50

It is important to do a thorough physical examination to rule out medical problems before diagnosing encopresis because these children often ________

A) have sleep and metabolic disorders, as well.
B) engage in hypochondriacal behaviors.
C) suffer from diabetes and other serious, chronic conditions.
D) suffer from constipation.

Question 51

What is a negative aspect of using stimulant medications for ADHD treatment?

A) These medications are sometimes used recreationally by both patients and non-patients.
B) Stimulant medications may help in the long term, but they are not effective in the short term.
C) Stimulant medications are suspected of causing autism in children who have been misdiagnosed with ADHD.
D) Drug therapy is not effective in preventing disruptive behavior in elementary school children.

Question 52

One effect of Ritalin as a treatment for ADHD is that it ________

A) quiets the voices.
B) increases alertness.
C) interferes with glutamate activity.
D) increases aggressiveness.

Question 53

Encopresis is ________ likely to occur in boys than in girls.

A) six times more
B) six times less
C) two times more
D) two times less

Question 54

George is in second grade and is having trouble. He frequently is out of his seat, looking at the work of other students and annoying them by making comments. He interrupts the teacher, blurts out answers before she finishes the question, and usually needs directions repeated multiple times. At home, his mother says he is always "on the go." The most likely diagnosis for George is ________

A) conduct disorder.
B) oppositional defiant disorder.
C) separation anxiety disorder.
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Question 55

________ is a neurodevelopmental disorder that involves a wide range of problematic behaviors including deficits in language and perceptual and motor development; defective reality testing; and impairments in social communication.

A) Attention-deficity/hyperactivity disorder
B) Autism spectrum disorder
C) Oppositional defiant disorder
D) Social anxiety disorder

Question 56

What is the advantage of using Pemoline to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder instead of Ritalin?

A) Pemoline increases the child's intelligence.
B) Pemoline works faster.
C) Pemoline has fewer side effects.
D) Pemoline reduces anxiety attacks.

Question 57

The hallmark symptom of autism is ________

A) lack of language.
B) lack of interest in other people.
C) intellectual disability.
D) strange behaviors.

Question 58

Children with ADHD that have symptoms of hyperactivity are usually ________

A) well-liked by their peers because they are always active.
B) well-liked by their peers because they become "class clowns."
C) viewed negatively by their peers because of their behaviors.
D) viewed negatively by their peers because they are socially withdrawn.

Question 59

What has been found to be the most effective approach to the treatment of enuresis?

A) Behavioral conditioning alone
B) Behavioral conditioning combined with desmopressin
C) Intranasal desmopressin (DDAVP) alone
D) Imipramine combined with an antianxiety medication such as Xanax

Question 60

Most cases of ADHD in adults are characterized by _______ rather than ________.

A) inattention, hyperactivity
B) hyperactivity, inattention
C) anxiety, hyperactivity
D) anxiety, inattention

Question 61

Which of the following would be most distressing to a child with autism?

A) Soft, monotonous sounds
B) An everyday routine that stays the same
C) Altering a familiar environment
D) Not having a normal sleep pattern

Question 62

Which of the following has been associated with autism?

A) Down syndrome
B) Chromosome 21
C) Genetic mutations
D) Huntington's disease

Question 63

Coprolalia ________

A) is a vocal tic involving yelling obscenities.
B) frequently accompanies encopresis.
C) is a common side effect of medications used in the treatment of childhood depression.
D) is a rare pervasive developmental disorder.

Question 64

Children with autism spectrum disorder who participated the Early Start Denver Model intervention showed an improvement in IQ score of _______ on average.

A) 50 points
B) 17 points
C) 6 points
D) 28 points

Question 65

Which of the following is a true statement about autism spectrum disorder?

A) Autism is caused by environmental factors like family environment.
B) Autism is acquired-there is no genetic component.
C) Autism is caused by exposure to chemical toxins during early development.
D) Autism is a complex disorder with a very strong heritable component.

Question 66

William is an autistic child. He is probably ________

A) very talkative.
B) unable to utter any meaningful sounding words.
C) relatively withdrawn and uncommunicative.
D) aggressive and frequently attacks others.

Question 67

Despite what is shown in movies like Rain Man, most autistic children would not cope well being brought to a Las Vegas casino for the first time, because ________

A) they are afraid of large groups of people.
B) they would want to touch things they weren't allowed to touch.
C) they would be so excited by all the sights and sounds they would become over-agitated.
D) they often show aversion to auditory stimulation and prefer a limited and solitary routine.

Question 68

Which of the following is a possible explanation for the seeming lack of emotion in autistic children?

A) They have no emotions.
B) They lack social understanding.
C) Neurological impairment-they can feel but not show emotions.
D) Immaturity-they will show more as they get older.

Question 69

Orlando, 14, frequently twists his head uncontrollably and yelps or grunts. If he has not done this for several hours, he has a sensation that can only be relieved by engaging in these movements and sounds. Orlando has had this problem since he was 8. The most likely diagnosis is ________

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) tic disorder.
C) Autism spectrum disorder.
D) Tourette's syndrome.

Question 70

Children with ________ are deficient at locating and orienting to sounds in their environment.

A) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
B) Childhood disorder
C) Separation anxiety disorder
D) Autistic disorder

Question 71

Cross-cultural studies of tics find that ________

A) the types of tics seen most commonly vary with culture.
B) the average age of tic onset appears to be universal.
C) tics occur less frequently in cultures that are less expressive.
D) tics are always seen more frequently in females.

Question 72

In autistic children, head banging, spinning in circles, and rocking are behaviors that ________

A) are exceedingly rare.
B) are common forms of self-stimulation.
C) are believed to be ways of communicating without language.
D) are used because these children find repetitive routines very aversive.

Question 73

Jenny has an IQ in the average range. However, at school she is doing very poorly. She has consistently scored at two or more grade levels below the grade she is actually in. From this, a diagnostician would hypothesize that Jenny most likely ________

A) has an anxiety disorder.
B) does not have a learning disability because her IQ is only average.
C) has a learning disability.
D) has intellectual disability.

Question 74

Tics are ________ that may go unnoticed by the person doing it.

A) persistent, intermittent muscle twitches or spasms
B) involuntary shoutings of curse words
C) intrusive thoughts
D) rude or aggressive hand gestures.

Question 75

________ are delays in cognitive development in the areas of language, speech, mathematical, or motor skills that are not necessarily due to any demonstrable physical or neurological defect.

A) Neurodevelopmental disorders
B) Symptom disorders
C) Conduct disorders
D) Learning disabilities

Question 76

The most effective medical treatment for Tourette's syndrome is ________

A) biofeedback training.
B) central nervous stimulants such as Ritalin.
C) neuroleptics such as haloperidol.
D) the hormone replacement drug DDVAP.

Question 77

The intensive experimental behavior program designed by Ivar Lovaas for children with autism ________

A) has not proven successful.
B) has shown promise, but not as much as medications.
C) helped almost half of the children in the treatment program achieve normal intellectual functioning.
D) helped most of the parents of autistic children learn to cope better with their children.

Question 78

Which of the following is a symptom of Tourette's syndrome?

A) Coprolalia.
B) Enuresis.
C) Encopresis.
D) Pica.

Question 79

We are likely to find that many of the children with autistic disorder ________

A) are girls.
B) also suffer from depression, tic disorders, and other forms of psychopathology.
C) come from poverty-stricken environments.
D) were identified as having the disorder before they were 3 years old.

Question 80

Researchers are now using _________ to help children with autism to improve on some of their social, cognitive, and emotional deficits.

A) video games
B) Ritalin
C) parent management therapy
D) punishments