Question 1

Which items are recognized by chemoreceptors in the large vessels as a regulatory mechanism of blood pressure? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Chemoreceptors in large vessels detect changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels to help regulate blood pressure. They do not directly sense pressure or water levels.

Question 2

The nurse educator is teaching a group of students about factors that regulate arterial blood pressure. Which answers by the students indicate understanding of the content taught?

Accepted Answer

Arterial blood pressure is regulated by three main factors: cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume. Choice A includes afterload, which is a component of peripheral resistance, but does not include blood volume. Choice C includes stroke volume, which is a component of cardiac output, but does not include peripheral resistance and blood volume. Choice D includes preload, which is a component of cardiac output, but does not include peripheral resistance and blood volume.

Question 3

The nurse is teaching a client about reducing the risk for coronary artery disease. Which elevated laboratory value is most directly associated with atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

LDL is considered the "bad" cholesterol because it contributes directly to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can lead to atherosclerosis and an increased risk for coronary artery disease. Total cholesterol and VLDL levels can also contribute to this risk, but not as directly as LDL levels. HDL, on the other hand, is considered the "good" cholesterol because it can help remove cholesterol from the arteries and reduce the risk for atherosclerosis.

Question 4

The nurse is evaluating a client's response to teaching about managing dyslipidemia. Which statement by this client indicates that additional teaching is needed?

Accepted Answer

Including soybeans is beneficial for managing dyslipidemia, so this statement does not indicate a need for additional teaching. The other statements are correct and align with dietary recommendations for managing dyslipidemia.

Question 5

A nurse is reading a client's medical record and notes that the client's cardiac output (CO) is listed as 5 L/min. Which calculation was used to determine the CO?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac output is determined by multiplying the stroke volume (amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat, measured in ml/beat) by the heart rate (number of beats per minute). Therefore, the correct calculation is CO = SV x HR.

Question 6

A nurse is preparing to administer a medication that will cause constriction of the arteries.Which vital sign parameter will be monitored most closely after administration of this medication?

Accepted Answer

Constriction of arteries will lead to an increase in blood pressure. Therefore, blood pressure would be monitored most closely to ensure that it does not rise to a dangerous level. Respiratory rate, temperature, and pulse rate may also be monitored but are not directly affected by arterial constriction.

Question 7

What goal would the nurse set in planning care for a client attempting to control cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels?

Accepted Answer

Limiting cholesterol intake to less than 200 mg daily is a common dietary recommendation for controlling cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels.

Question 8

A nurse administers an IV antihypertensive medication, causing an immediate reduction in blood pressure. The baroreceptors respond by attempting to return blood pressure back to normal by accelerating the heart rate. Which term will the nurse use when documenting this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Reflex tachycardia occurs when the baroreceptors respond to a decrease in blood pressure by increasing heart rate in an attempt to raise blood pressure back to normal levels. Ventricular tachycardia, re-entry tachycardia, and supraventricular tachycardia are different types of abnormal heart rhythms that are not related to baroreceptor reflexes.

Question 9

A nurse is preparing to administer a medication known to increase preload. Which is the expected outcome for this client?

Accepted Answer

An increase in preload would lead to an increase in the amount of blood filling the ventricles during diastole. This would stretch the myocardial fibers, leading to an increase in the force of contraction, and thus an increase in stroke volume. Cardiac output, therefore, would increase, making option B the correct choice.

Question 10

A client recently diagnosed with hypertension asks the nurse, "What did it mean when the doctor told me I have peripheral resistance?" Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral resistance refers to the friction that the blood encounters as it flows through the arteries. This resistance is an important factor in regulating blood pressure, as higher peripheral resistance means the heart has to work harder to pump blood throughout the body, leading to increased blood pressure.

Question 11

A client has severe atherosclerosis and hypertension. Which statement about cardiac output will be true?

Accepted Answer

Severe atherosclerosis and hypertension can decrease cardiac output due to decreased cardiac contractility and increased afterload. This can lead to decreased tissue perfusion and symptoms such as fatigue and shortness of breath. Therefore, choice C is the correct statement. Choices A, B, and D are not accurate in this scenario.

Question 12

Which hormones play a role in regulating blood pressure? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption and vasoconstriction, leading to an increase in blood pressure. Renin is released in response to low blood pressure and initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to increased sodium reabsorption and vasoconstriction, also leading to an increase in blood pressure. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released in response to high blood pressure and promotes sodium and water excretion, leading to a decrease in blood pressure. Thyroid and calcitonin do not directly regulate blood pressure.

Question 13

The vasomotor centre of the brain raises or lowers blood pressure based on information from which items?

Accepted Answer

The vasomotor centre of the brain receives information from baroreceptors (which detect changes in blood pressure) and chemoreceptors (which detect changes in blood chemistry, such as oxygen levels). Based on this input, the vasomotor centre can raise or lower blood pressure to maintain homeostasis. The anterior and posterior pituitary, adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, and medulla oblongata are not directly involved in this process.

Question 14

The nurse is teaching a client who has been prescribed medication to manage HDL cholesterol. Which statement by the client indicates that the teaching has been understood?

Accepted Answer

Increasing HDL cholesterol levels can decrease the risk of heart attack, so the statement "If I can increase my HDL level, I will be less likely to have a heart attack" is the correct understanding. A is incorrect because treatment of HDL has no direct effect on LDL levels. B and D are both incorrect because decreasing HDL levels increases the risk of heart attack.

Question 15

Which of the following conditions may be responsible for an elevation in low-density lipoprotein (LDL)?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes mellitus can lead to an elevation in LDL due to increased production of VLDL, a precursor of LDL, and impaired clearance of LDL from the blood. Renal insufficiency can also cause an elevation in LDL, but it is usually due to a decrease in LDL receptor activity, which impairs LDL clearance from the blood. Iron-deficiency anemia and hyperthyroidism do not typically cause an elevation in LDL.

Question 16

The nurse is teaching a client with a lipid disorder about dietary modifications to manage the condition. Which statement by the client indicates an understanding of the rationale underlying a recommendation to increase the intake of plant sterols?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The nurse is teaching a client with...

Question 17

The nurse asks a group of nursing students to name examples of positive inotropic agents. Which answers by the students indicate understanding of the content? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Standard Text: Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are all examples of positive inotropic agents, which means they increase the contractility of the heart muscle. Quinidine and propranolol are not positive inotropic agents, as they do not directly affect heart contractility.

Question 18

A dehydrated client quickly receives a litre of intravenous fluid infusion to increase circulating blood volume. The nurse would expect which changes in the client's vital signs?

Accepted Answer

Intravenous fluid infusion increases circulating blood volume which would increase blood pressure. Therefore, Option D is correct. Option A is incorrect because an increase in fluid volume would not cause a decrease in respiratory rate. Option B is incorrect because increasing blood volume would increase blood pressure, not decrease it. Option C is incorrect because a rapid increase in heart rate to 120 beats/min would not be expected after only one liter of fluid infusion.

Question 19

The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with coronary artery disease. When examining the results of laboratory tests, which findings does the nurse note are consistent with this diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery disease is characterized by elevated total serum cholesterol and LDL, and decreased HDL. This imbalance in cholesterol levels contributes to the formation of plaques in the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart. Option A is not consistent with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease as the client would need elevated total serum cholesterol and LDL, and decreased HDL. Option B is also incorrect as extremely high levels of HDL are not associated with coronary artery disease. Option D is also incorrect as decreased levels of total serum cholesterol, LDL, and HDL are not consistent with coronary artery disease.

Question 20

A client with an exacerbation of heart failure is experiencing fluid volume overload. The nurse understands that which regulator of blood pressure will most likely be secreted during this exacerbation?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is secreted from the atria of the heart in response to fluid volume overload and acts to decrease blood pressure by promoting sodium and water excretion in the urine. Renin is secreted by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low blood volume. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by the pituitary gland in response to high blood osmolality to retain water and increase blood volume. Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal glands in response to low blood pressure or low blood volume to increase sodium and water retention.

Quiz 11: Pharmacology of Alterations in the Cardiovascular System

Which items are recognized by chemoreceptors in the large vessels as a regulatory mechanism of blood pressure? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Standard Text: Select all that apply.