Question 1

Which medication has a side effect profile that includes dry cough,hyperkalemia,and dizziness?

Accepted Answer

The side effect profile of captopril includes dry cough, hyperkalemia, and dizziness. Metoprolol can cause dizziness, but not dry cough or hyperkalemia. Spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide can cause hyperkalemia, but not dry cough or dizziness. Diltiazem can cause dizziness, but not dry cough or hyperkalemia.

Question 2

Which of the following drugs have antibodies made from sheep protein and can be used to reverse digitalis toxicity?

Accepted Answer

Digoxin immune fab (Digibind) is a drug made from sheep protein that can be used to reverse digitalis toxicity.

Question 3

Which of the following potassium channel blockers is given intravenously to control life-threatening ventricular fibrillation that is unresponsive to other agents?

Accepted Answer

Amiodarone is the potassium channel blocker that is given intravenously to control life-threatening ventricular fibrillation that is unresponsive to other agents. Bretylium and procainamide are not used as frequently for this indication, and warfarin is not a potassium channel blocker and is used for anticoagulation therapy.

Question 4

Patients who have asthma,diabetes,and peripheral vascular disease should use which of the following drugs?

Accepted Answer

Metoprolol is a beta-blocker that is used to treat high blood pressure and angina. It can also be used to prevent migraines and tremors.

Question 5

Which of the following phosphodiesterase inhibitors is used for short-term treatment of congestive heart failure when a patient is unresponsive to conventional therapy?

Accepted Answer

Amrinone (Inocor) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that is used for short-term treatment of congestive heart failure when a patient is unresponsive to conventional therapy. It works by increasing intracellular cyclic AMP, resulting in increased contractility and vasodilation. Dobutamine is a beta-1 adrenergic agonist that is also used for short-term treatment of congestive heart failure, but it does not act as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Procainamide and bretylium are antiarrhythmic agents and are not used for the treatment of congestive heart failure.

Question 6

A patient with digoxin toxicity will most likely report which symptom?

Accepted Answer

Blurry vision is a common symptom of digoxin toxicity due to its effects on the eyes. Other possible symptoms include gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, confusion, and arrhythmias. Seizures, photosensitivity, muscle pain, and weakness are not typical symptoms of digoxin toxicity.

Question 7

What is the drug type of choice for Prinzmetal angina,as well as for patients with chronic stable angina,hypertension,and supraventricular arrhythmias?

Accepted Answer

Calcium channel blockers are the drug type of choice for Prinzmetal angina, chronic stable angina, hypertension, and supraventricular arrhythmias. They work by decreasing the amount of calcium entering the smooth muscle cells in the walls of blood vessels, which leads to vasodilation and increased blood flow to the coronary arteries. This helps relieve chest pain and reduce blood pressure.

Question 8

When mixed with nitrates,which drug can cause hypotension,dizziness,and even death?

Accepted Answer

Sildenafil (Viagra) is a medication used for erectile dysfunction and when mixed with nitrates, it can cause a dangerous drop in blood pressure, leading to hypotension, dizziness, and even death. Aspirin, metoprolol, and heparin do not have this interaction with nitrates.

Question 9

Which substance increases the depletion of potassium,thereby increasing the risk of digitalis toxicity in patients taking digoxin?

Accepted Answer

Licorice contains glycyrrhizic acid, which can cause a decrease in potassium levels, leading to an increased risk of digitalis toxicity in patients taking digoxin.

Question 10

Which agent binds to Ca++ channels to decrease Ca++ influx and to slow the response of the sinoatrial (SA)and atrioventricular (AV)node?

Accepted Answer

Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker that binds to the calcium channels, decreasing calcium influx and slowing the response of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. Metoprolol and propranolol are beta-blockers that work by reducing the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart, but they do not have a direct effect on calcium channels. Dobutamine is a beta-agonist that increases heart rate and contractility and would not be useful in slowing the response of the SA and AV nodes.

Question 11

The mechanism of action of which drug reduces preload (through venodilation)and afterload (through arterial dilation),thus helping to treat both hypertension and congestive heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Captopril (Capoten) is an ACE inhibitor that reduces preload and afterload by preventing the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation of both veins and arteries. This mechanism is beneficial in treating hypertension and congestive heart failure.

Question 12

In addition to nausea,dizziness,and fatigue,what is another possible side effect of calcium channel blockers?

Accepted Answer

Constipation is a possible side effect of calcium channel blockers, as they can slow down gut motility. A, B, and D are not commonly associated with calcium channel blockers.

Question 13

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)increase the circulating levels of which substance?

Accepted Answer

ACEIs block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which leads to an increase in bradykinin levels. Bradykinin is a vasodilator and also involved in the regulation of inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, and blood pressure.

Question 14

A patient complains of syncope,postural hypotension,tachycardia,throbbing headache,and hot flushes.These findings are common side effects of which medication?

Accepted Answer

Nitroglycerin patches can cause syncope, postural hypotension, tachycardia, throbbing headaches, and hot flushes due to their vasodilatory effects, which lead to decreased blood pressure and increased heart rate.

Question 15

Which of the following drugs causes the release of nitric oxide,which then acts to relax veins and arteries?

Accepted Answer

Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) is a drug that causes the release of nitric oxide, which then acts to relax veins and arteries.

Question 16

A patient who enters an emergency department with signs and symptoms of heart failure is likely to be given dobutamine,which is a(n):

Accepted Answer

Dobutamine is a parental inotropic agent that enhances heart muscle contractility and cardiac output, making it a preferred choice in the treatment of heart failure in emergency departments.

Question 17

Cilostazol has a similar method of action as sildenafil,but it acts on different receptors,which are affected by:

Accepted Answer

Cilostazol acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, while methylxanthines act as bronchodilators and mild CNS stimulants. Calcium channels are affected by medications such as verapamil and diltiazem, and beta-1 selective receptors are targeted by drugs like metoprolol and atenolol.

Question 18

By blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II,which of the following agents can be used to treat mild to moderate hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors work by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor. By reducing the levels of angiotensin II, ACE inhibitors dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure, making them an effective treatment for mild to moderate hypertension. Beta-adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics are also commonly used to treat high blood pressure, but they work through different mechanisms and are not typically the first-line choice for mild to moderate hypertension.

Question 19

Because calcium channel blockers undergo significant first-pass metabolism,which of the following responses would you expect to occur in a patient with cirrhosis who is taking a calcium channel blocker?

Accepted Answer

First-pass metabolism occurs in the liver before drugs reach systemic circulation. Patients with cirrhosis may experience impaired liver function, which can impact drug metabolism and clearance. As calcium channel blockers undergo significant first-pass metabolism, their half-life may be altered in cirrhotic patients. This can lead to increased drug levels in the body and potential adverse effects. Therefore, careful monitoring and adjustment of the dosage may be required for these patients.

Question 20

Hypokalemic alkalosis is a side effect of which type of drug?

Accepted Answer

Loop diuretics are known to cause hypokalemic alkalosis as they promote potassium loss in the urine. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and beta-adrenergic blockers are not commonly associated with causing hypokalemic alkalosis.

Quiz 6: Drugs Used in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders