Question 1

The cerebellum has not been implicated in the pathogenesis of ADHD.

Accepted Answer

The cerebellum is involved in motor coordination and balance, not in the pathogenesis of ADHD.

Question 2

A number of researchers have posed that a deficit of inhibitory control may be central to the pathogenesis of ADHD.

Accepted Answer

Many studies suggest that individuals with ADHD have difficulties with inhibitory control, which may contribute to symptoms such as impulsivity and hyperactivity.

Question 3

Surface dyslexia refers to:

Accepted Answer

Surface dyslexia is characterized by impaired whole-word reading but unimpaired ability to sound out words. This is in contrast to phonological dyslexia, where the individual has impaired ability to sound out words but intact whole-word reading.

Question 4

ADHD often coexists with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)and conduct disorder (CD).

Accepted Answer

ADHD commonly coexists with ODD and CD, which are behavioral disorders characterized by defiance, aggression, and rule-breaking behavior. It is estimated that up to 50% of children with ADHD may also have ODD or CD.

Question 5

Rourke's initial studies on Reading and Spelling (R-S)disorders found that these children were impaired in all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Rourke's initial studies on Reading and Spelling (R-S) disorders did not find any impairment in psychomotor skills. The other three skills, psycholinguistic, spelling, and reading, were found to be impaired in children with R-S disorders.

Question 6

Individuals with autism,when viewing the movement of geometric shapes,fail to:

Accepted Answer

Individuals with autism often struggle to impose social meaning on the movements of geometric shapes, a task that typically developing individuals might do by anthropomorphizing the shapes and attributing intentions or emotions to them. This reflects broader challenges in social cognition and theory of mind.

Question 7

The most commonly diagnosed childhood disorder is:

Accepted Answer

ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed childhood disorder. It affects about 11% of children and involves symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and/or inattention that can cause significant impairment in daily functioning. Autism, CD, and NVLD are also fairly common childhood disorders, but not as prevalent as ADHD.

Question 8

Autistic aloneness is:

Accepted Answer

Autistic aloneness includes all of these characteristics. People with autism may struggle with social interactions and have difficulty connecting with others, leading to a sense of disconnection and separation from those around them.

Question 9

Which neurotransmitter has been implicated as pathogenic of autism?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin has been implicated as a pathogenic neurotransmitter in autism. Studies have shown that individuals with autism have altered serotonin levels and that medications that affect serotonin levels can have therapeutic effects in some individuals with autism.

Question 10

Individual's with autism have been found to show reduced activation of the fusiform face area when:

Accepted Answer

Studies have found that individuals with autism show reduced activation of the fusiform face area when identifying mental states based on facial details, matching facial expressions, and performing a facial discrimination task. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Question 11

The brain size of individuals with autism has been found to be smaller in adulthood than that of healthy adults.

Accepted Answer

Several studies have found evidence of reduced brain volume in individuals with autism compared to typically developing individuals, particularly in areas related to social and communication functions. Additionally, some studies have shown that this difference in brain size may become more pronounced in adulthood.

Question 12

A child who demonstrates social interest,continually uses odd words of speech but has normal language development,and has a preoccupation with odd objects (e.g.,bottle caps)may be exhibiting:

Accepted Answer

The child is displaying characteristics of Asperger's syndrome, as they are demonstrating social interest, have normal language development but use odd words, and have a preoccupation with odd objects. Rhett syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that mostly affects females and involves developmental regression, while ADHD involves symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity. OCD involves persistent and unwanted thoughts, while this child's preoccupation with odd objects may not fit the criteria for OCD.

Question 13

The cells that are highly sensitive to movement and low contrast are contained within the:

Accepted Answer

The magnocellular visual system is responsible for detecting motion and low contrast stimuli.

Question 14

The social brain network includes the orbital and medial prefrontal cortices,which are hypothesized to:

Accepted Answer

The orbital and medial prefrontal cortices are known to play a role in integrating and regulating affective (emotional) and cognitive (thinking) processes, such as decision-making and social behavior.

Question 15

Which gene has been associated with "thrill seeking"?

Accepted Answer

The D4 receptor gene, 7 repeat allele, has been associated with thrill seeking behavior. This gene affects dopamine transmission in the brain, which is involved in reward, motivation, and pleasure.

Question 16

Waterhouse and coworkers (1996)posit four neurofunctional mechanisms that create the core symptoms of autism.These four are:

Accepted Answer

Waterhouse and coworkers (1996) proposed four neurofunctional mechanisms: asociality, extended selective attention, affective impairment, and canalesthesia, as contributing to the core symptoms of autism.

Question 17

Children with tics show an acceleration of tics in adolescence that continues into adulthood.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Studies have shown that tics tend to peak in severity during adolescence and then gradually decrease in adulthood, but the overall frequency of tics can continue to increase throughout adulthood.

Question 18

Which reading-related neural system identified by Shaywitz and associates is involved with the mapping of visual print to its phonologic representation?

Accepted Answer

The left dorsal parietotemporal area is involved in the process of mapping visual print to its phonologic representation, a crucial step in reading and language processing.

Question 19

Recent research (Forrest,2004)of the math performance of children with nonverbal learning disability (NLVD)revealed that these children were proficient when they:

Accepted Answer

Children with nonverbal learning disability (NLVD) often have strong verbal skills. The research by Forrest (2004) indicates that these children are proficient in math when they can apply their verbal abilities to understand and solve math operations. This is because their verbal skills can compensate for their weaknesses in visuospatial skills and mechanical math operations, which are typically challenging for individuals with NLVD.

Question 20

A chronic motor or vocal tic meets the criteria for the diagnosis of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS).

Accepted Answer

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), a diagnosis of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome requires the presence of both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics that have persisted for more than a year, with onset before the age of 18.

Quiz 11: Learning and Neuropsychiatric Disorders of Childhood