Question 1

In Watson's studies, what initially neutral stimulus did "little Albert" eventually come to fear?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Watson's studies, what initially neutral stimulus...

Question 2

Scientists suggest that the link between stomach illness and taste represents a biological propensity to learn taste aversion.

Accepted Answer

Scientists have suggested that the link between stomach illness and taste represents a biological propensity to learn taste aversion, which is a form of conditioning where an individual learns to associate a particular food or taste with illness or a negative outcome. This is thought to be an evolutionary adaptation that helps animals avoid toxic or spoiled food.

Question 3

In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the CS related?

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus is initially unrelated to the response but through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), it acquires the ability to elicit the response, and thus becomes known as the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Question 4

How do phobias develop?

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Question 5

Mario ate leftover food on Saturday morning that had not been refrigerated properly the night before. Later that day, he became ill. To this day, many years later, Mario refuses to eat leftover food. Which term describes his condition?

Accepted Answer

Mario's refusal to eat leftover food after experiencing illness is an example of taste aversion. This occurs when a person or animal associates the taste of a certain food with illness, leading them to avoid that food in the future. It is a survival mechanism that helps prevent us from consuming potentially harmful substances. Sensitization refers to an increase in responsiveness to a stimulus over time, while a phobia is an irrational fear or anxiety towards a specific object or situation. Habituation refers to a decrease in responsiveness to a stimulus over time. None of these terms accurately describe Mario's situation.

Question 6

Define stimulus generalization and describe how "little Albert's" fears became generalized.

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Question 7

What 2 groups of individuals may be especially vulnerable to conditioned taste aversion?

Accepted Answer

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Question 8

One approach to treating phobias is the presentation of a series of extinction trials in a process known as __________.

Accepted Answer

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Question 9

Explain how a conditioned taste aversion occurs by identifying the US, UR, CS, and CR.

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Question 10

Provide an example of a specific phobia. Explain how the condition may have developed through classical conditioning by identifying the sequence of events associated with the US, UR, CS, and CR.

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The answer of Provide an example of a specific phobia....

Question 11

___________ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology through his famous experiments with dogs and the conditioned reflex.

Question 12

_________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally.

Accepted Answer

This is the definition of classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning. It involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to create a conditioned response.

Question 13

Phobias are classified as an anxiety disorders associated with particular stimuli.

Accepted Answer

Phobias are indeed classified as anxiety disorders, specifically those that involve excessive and persistent fear or anxiety related to a specific object or situation, such as a fear of spiders or flying in an airplane.

Question 14

While on a recent combat tour in Afghanistan, Regina learned to dive for cover at the sounds of gunfire. When she returned home, she found herself diving for cover when her husband accidently slammed a door. What learning process is illustrated by this example?

Accepted Answer

This example illustrates stimulus generalization, where Regina's response to the sound of gunfire has generalized to a similar sound, such as a door slamming.

Question 15

Classical conditioning works with animals, but not humans.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning works with both animals and humans. It is a basic form of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses. One of the most famous examples of classical conditioning is the Pavlovian experiment where dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell with food. Similarly, humans can also be classically conditioned to respond to specific stimuli, such as the sound of a buzzer or a certain smell.

Question 16

In Pavlov's study, the US was _______; the neutral stimulus was _________; and, finally, the CS was _________.

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's study, the US was meat (something that naturally elicits a response), the neutral stimulus was the assistant (something that does not initially elicit a response), and the CS was the assistant (a previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a response after being paired with the US).

Question 17

Who conducted the study of fear conditioning with "little Albert"?

Accepted Answer

The study of fear conditioning with "little Albert" was conducted by John Watson, a behaviorist psychologist known for his contributions to the field of classical conditioning.

Question 18

Watson's studies with "little Albert" would not be conducted today because they violate the __________ guidelines of psychological research.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Watson's studies with "little Albert" would not...

Question 19

Your text states that, "[Pavlov's] dogs had learned to associate the appearance of a lab assistance of a lab assistant with getting food." This suggests that classical conditioning involves an association between:

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the appearance of the lab assistant (one stimulus) with getting food (another stimulus). This suggests that classical conditioning involves an association between two stimuli.

Question 20

Producing taste aversion requires several pairings of the US and CS.

Accepted Answer

Taste aversion can be learned in as little as one pairing of a conditioned stimulus (CS, such as a specific food) and an unconditioned stimulus (US, such as illness), due to its evolutionary significance in avoiding poisonous substances.

Quiz 7: Learning