Question 1

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery, the reappearance of a conditioned response (CR) after a period of apparent extinction, suggests that the CR is not eliminated but rather suppressed. This means the association between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the CR still exists but is temporarily not exhibited.

Question 2

In Pavlov's experiments,the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation.Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n)

Accepted Answer

The salivation to the sound of the tone is a learned response and therefore a conditioned response (A) rather than an unconditioned response (C) which is an automatic or innate response to a stimulus (such as salivation in response to food). The tone itself is not an unconditioned stimulus (B) since it did not naturally elicit a response of salivation before the conditioning took place. Finally, the tone is the conditioned stimulus (D) since it now elicits a response due to the conditioning.

Question 3

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World,infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise.In this fictional example,the loud noise is a(n)

Accepted Answer

The loud noise naturally elicits a fear response without prior learning, making it an unconditioned stimulus. In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus is something that triggers a response naturally, before any conditioning takes place.

Question 4

In Pavlov's experiments,the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation.Salivation to the taste of food was a(n)

Accepted Answer

Salivation to the taste of food is an unconditioned response because it is a natural, unlearned reaction to a stimulus (in this case, the food).

Question 5

A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food.In this case,the tone is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

The tone in this scenario is a conditioned stimulus because it has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus (food) to elicit a response (salivation). The salivation to the food alone is the unconditioned response, and the food itself is the unconditioned stimulus. The neutral stimulus would be a sound that does not elicit a response, and the term primary conditioner is not commonly used in classical conditioning.

Question 6

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock.The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called

Accepted Answer

The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called acquisition. It involves the initial learning of the association between the light and electric shock.

Question 7

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Extinction occurs when a ________ is no...

Question 8

A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arousal if presented shortly

Accepted Answer

The answer of A geometric figure is most likely to...

Question 9

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs,the US was

Accepted Answer

The US (unconditioned stimulus) in Pavlov's experiments was the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.

Question 10

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail.The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a

Accepted Answer

The answer of Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by...

Question 11

In classical conditioning,the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response (CR). The CS signals the impending occurrence of the US, which is the stimulus that naturally elicits the desired response.

Question 12

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker)conditioned stimulus.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This process is called higher-order conditioning, where a new neutral stimulus, which previously did not elicit a response, now becomes a conditioned stimulus due to its association with an already established conditioned stimulus. However, the new conditioned stimulus may not be as strong as the original one.

Question 13

In classical conditioning,the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (US). Therefore, choice C is correct because it reflects the NS becoming a CS after it signals the US. Choice A cannot be correct because the NS does not become the US, but rather it is the CS that elicits the response to the US. Choice B is also not correct because the unconditioned response (UR) is a natural response to the US, whereas the conditioned response (CR) is a learned response to the CS. Choice D is incorrect because the CR is the response to the CS, not the UR.

Question 14

After a scary biking accident,Alex extinguished his conditioned fear of bikes by cycling on a safe biking trail every day for a week.The reappearance of his previously extinguished fear when he rode a bike on the same trail two weeks later best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period. In this case, Alex's fear of biking on the safe trail reappearing after two weeks of not riding a bike is an example of spontaneous recovery.

Question 15

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

Accepted Answer

The child's fear of the hypodermic needle is likely a conditioned response, as it was learned through repeated exposure to the needle during medical procedures, which became associated with pain or discomfort.

Question 16

The reappearance,after a time lapse,of an extinguished CR is called

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a conditioned response after a time lapse without further conditioning trials.

Question 17

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

Accepted Answer

Sweating in hot weather is an automatic response to external temperature and is not learned or conditioned.

Question 18

At one time Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one.With subsequent repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings,however,his fear of dogs has gradually faded.Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Jimmy's fear of dogs gradually fading after repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings is an example of extinction. Extinction occurs when a previously learned association between a conditioned stimulus (dogs) and an unconditioned response (fear) is weakened or eliminated through repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus (being bitten by a dog).

Question 19

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food.The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light

Accepted Answer

The dog will learn to associate the light with the food most quickly if it is presented just before the food. This is known as simultaneous conditioning and is the most effective method for classical conditioning. Five seconds before the food (choice A) is too long of a delay and the dog may not associate the two stimuli. Presenting the light at the same time as the food (choice C) could be effective, but half a second before the food (choice B) is the most efficient timing. Presenting the light after the food (choice D) would not be effective at all as the dog would not associate the light with the food.

Question 20

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious,mouth-watering meal.Later,when Gavin was given a tour of the property,he drooled with delight.For Gavin,the lakeshore property was a

Accepted Answer

The lakeshore property was initially a neutral stimulus (NS) for Gavin, as he had not seen it before. However, when the real estate agent showed him pictures of the property while he was eating, the pictures became associated with the delicious meal, which was an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that naturally elicits a response of drooling (unconditioned response or UR). As a result, the pictures of the lakeshore property became a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicited the same response of drooling (conditioned response or CR) in Gavin.

Quiz 8: Learning