Question 1

The corrupt behavior of many ordinary people who served as Nazi concentration camp guards best illustrates that immorality often results from

Accepted Answer

Social influence played a significant role in shaping the behavior of Nazi concentration camp guards. Many of these guards had previously been law-abiding citizens who exhibited no signs of sadism or other aberrant behavior. However, when placed in an environment where brutality towards prisoners was encouraged and rewarded, many guards began to behave in cruel and inhumane ways. This demonstrates how social influence can override an individual's normal moral compass and lead them to engage in immoral behavior.

Question 2

Juanita suffers from a painful back condition.Smoking marijuana would reduce her pain,but she thinks it would be wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state.Juanita is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ level of morality.

Accepted Answer

Juanita is demonstrating Kohlberg's conventional level of morality because she is concerned with conforming to the laws and rules of her society, which is characteristic of the conventional level.

Question 3

According to Erikson,trust is to infancy as identity is to

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development suggests that identity formation is the primary task of adolescence. Trust, on the other hand, is the primary task of infancy, as infants learn to rely on their primary caregiver for basic needs such as food, comfort, and security. Therefore, the best answer would be D, adolescence.

Question 4

Avoiding physical punishment is to ________ morality as respecting the laws of society is to ________ morality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Avoiding physical punishment is to ________ morality...

Question 5

Critics have noted that Kohlberg's ________ level of moral reasoning is culturally limited,appearing mostly among people who prize individualism.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning emphasizes principles of justice and universal ethical principles, which are not limited to any particular culture or society. However, critics have noted that this level of moral reasoning is more common among individualistic cultures, and may not be as prevalent in collectivistic cultures.

Question 6

Laboratory games reveal that people's desire to punish wrongdoing is driven mostly by automatic emotional reactions rather than by deliberate conscious calculations that punishment will deter crime.This most clearly supports the ________ perspective on morality.

Accepted Answer

The finding that people's desire to punish wrongdoing is driven by automatic emotional reactions rather than by conscious calculations suggests support for the intuitionist perspective on morality. The intuitionist perspective emphasizes that moral judgments are primarily based on immediate and automatic emotional reactions, rather than on conscious reasoning about the costs and benefits or the general rules governing social behavior.

Question 7

Many people would find it more morally repulsive to kill someone by thrusting a knife into his or her body than by shooting him or her with a gun from a distance.This is best explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

Haidt's intuitionist perspective suggests that moral judgments are often based on intuitive emotions and reactions rather than conscious reasoning. In this case, the visceral and physical act of stabbing someone may evoke stronger and more repulsive emotions than shooting someone from a distance, even if both actions result in the same outcome.

Question 8

Mr.Lambers refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons.Mr.Lambers' reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ________ stage.

Accepted Answer

This scenario involves Mr. Lambers demonstrating a moral principle (not supporting the government's military spending) which goes beyond the conventional rules and norms of society. This aligns with Kohlberg's postconventional stage of moral development.

Question 9

Learning to delay gratification promotes

Accepted Answer

Delaying gratification requires exerting impulse control, which is the ability to resist immediate urges and temptations in favor of a larger, long-term goal. This skill is important for achieving success in many areas of life, including education, career, and personal relationships. Maturation refers to the natural process of physical and psychological development, and preconventional morality and intuitionist perspectives are not directly related to delayed gratification.

Question 10

According to Kohlberg,postconventional morality involves

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's postconventional stage of moral development is characterized by a person's affirmation of self-defined ethical principles, rather than just following laws or social norms. This stage goes beyond the idea of self-interest or social approval, and instead focuses on principles and values that transcend individual or societal interests. Unquestioning obedience to authority figures is characteristic of earlier stages of moral development.

Question 11

Moral judgments are sometimes based on our moral reasoning and other times based on our intuitive moral emotions.This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

Dual processing refers to the idea that our judgments and behaviors can be influenced by both our conscious, deliberate reasoning (system 2) and our automatic, intuitive emotional responses (system 1). Therefore, moral judgments can be based on both moral reasoning and moral emotions.

Question 12

Psychologist Jonathan Haidt has described our moral intuitions as

Accepted Answer

Haidt has described moral intuitions as quick gut feelings, which are often automatic and emotional responses to certain situations or dilemmas.

Question 13

Zian can't decide what he wants to do with his life.He has tried several different jobs,but has been fired for lack of effort each time.According to Erikson,Zian best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Zian's struggle to find a sense of identity and direction in his life, coupled with his inability to commit to and succeed in different jobs, suggests that he is experiencing role confusion. This is a common challenge faced by individuals during Erikson's stage of identity versus role confusion.

Question 14

Erikson would have suggested that adolescents can most effectively develop a sense of identity by

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, adolescents must navigate the stage of identity vs. role confusion. This involves exploring different roles, such as occupational and social roles, to develop a sense of identity. Therefore, investigating the personal suitability of various roles is the most effective way for adolescents to develop a sense of identity. Seeking a lifelong romantic relationship or adopting values and expectations recommended by their parents may not be sufficient for developing a sense of identity. Severing emotional ties with childhood friends may actually hinder the development of a sense of identity.

Question 15

According to Erikson,achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the

Accepted Answer

Erikson believed that the primary task of adolescence is to establish a sense of identity or a personal sense of self. The adolescent must integrate the various aspects of their personality into a coherent whole while also considering their future goals and aspirations. This is a critical period for self-exploration and self-definition, and it lays the foundation for successful adult development.

Question 16

According to Erikson,teens who suffer role confusion have not yet

Accepted Answer

Role confusion is a state in which an individual has not yet solidified a sense of identity, which is a key developmental task during adolescence according to Erikson. Basic trust, autonomy, and competence are earlier developmental stages that should have been addressed by early childhood and early adolescence.

Question 17

Psychological researcher Walter Mischel gave preschoolers a choice between one marshmallow now or two marshmallows when he returned a few minutes later.Children who chose to wait for two marshmallows demonstrated

Accepted Answer

Children who chose to wait for two marshmallows demonstrated the ability to delay gratification and control their impulses. This skill has been linked to various positive outcomes in adulthood, such as higher educational attainment and better career success. The other options listed are unrelated to the marshmallow experiment.

Question 18

Haidt's intuitionist perspective highlights the impact of automatic gut-level feelings on

Accepted Answer

Haidt's intuitionist perspective emphasizes the role of automatic gut-level feelings in shaping our moral judgments.

Question 19

Which psychologist most clearly emphasized that adolescents often try out different "selves" in different situations as part of the process of forming an identity?

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development includes the stage of adolescence, during which he proposed that individuals go through the stage of identity versus role confusion. In this stage, adolescents experiment with different roles and identities in order to form a cohesive sense of self.

Question 20

In service-learning programs where teens have tutored children or assisted older adults,the teens have experienced

Accepted Answer

Service-learning programs have been found to increase teens' willingness to serve and become more involved in their communities. It is unlikely that such programs would result in decreased sense of peer approval or competence, or increased school absenteeism.

Quiz 6: Developing Through the Life Span