Question 1

-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP on sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. What does "C" represent?

Accepted Answer

The answer of 
-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP...

Question 2

A falling blood pH and a rising concentration of carbon dioxide due to emphysema, indicate

Accepted Answer

Emphysema is a respiratory disease that results in the breakdown of alveolar walls in the lungs, leading to decreased gas exchange and increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. This causes respiratory acidosis, as the rising concentration of carbon dioxide leads to a decrease in blood pH. Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by changes in the body's metabolic processes, not respiratory function. Respiratory alkalosis would result from a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration, which is the opposite of what is described in the scenario.

Question 3

When normal buffer mechanisms are overwhelmed by excessive numbers of hydrogen ions, which of the following will result?

Accepted Answer

When normal buffer mechanisms are overwhelmed by excessive numbers of hydrogen ions, acidosis will result. This means that the pH of the blood will become too low (below 7.35) and can lead to a variety of negative symptoms and health issues.

Question 4

Use the following key to choose the best answer.
-(1) pH of body fluids when carbon dioxide content increases; (2) pH of body fluids when carbon dioxide content decreases

Accepted Answer

When carbon dioxide content increases, it forms carbonic acid which dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. This leads to an increase in acidity, resulting in a decrease in pH. On the other hand, when carbon dioxide content decreases, there is less formation of carbonic acid which leads to a decrease in hydrogen ions and an increase in pH. Therefore, the pH of body fluids will be less when the carbon dioxide content increases compared to when it decreases.

Question 5

Use the following key to choose the best answer.
-(1) amount of sodium in urine when aldosterone levels are high; (2) amount of sodium in urine when aldosterone levels are low

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, so when aldosterone levels are high, the amount of sodium in urine is lower compared to when aldosterone levels are low.

Question 6

-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP on sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. What does "D" represent?

Accepted Answer

The answer of 
-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP...

Question 7

Which of the following regulatory mechanisms would be stimulated as a result of the increased osmolality that results from a Na+ level of 152 mEq/L?

Accepted Answer

When Na+ levels are high, an increased osmolality results, stimulating the release of ADH (antidiuretic hormone), which causes increased water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to a decreased urine output. This helps to dilute the blood and bring osmolality back to a normal level. Therefore, choice B is the correct option. Choices A, C, and D would actually contribute to an increased Na+ level, and choice E would further increase osmolality by reducing water reabsorption.

Question 8

Hyposecretion of aldosterone would lead to

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone is responsible for the reabsorption of sodium ions and water in the kidneys and excretion of potassium ions. If aldosterone is hyposecreted, there will be decreased reabsorption of sodium ions and water, resulting in increased excretion of sodium ions and water in urine. This leads to a decrease in blood volume and blood pressure. In order to maintain homeostasis, the kidneys will reabsorb hydrogen ions and secrete potassium ions, leading to a decrease in secretion of hydrogen ions.

Question 9

Prolonged vomiting of stomach contents will result in

Accepted Answer

Prolonged vomiting results in the loss of stomach acid. This loss of acid leads to a decrease in hydrogen ion concentration in the body, causing metabolic alkalosis.

Question 10

Use the following key to choose the best answer.
-(1) calcium absorption from intestine when vitamin D is present; (2) calcium absorption from intestine when vitamin D is absent

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption from the intestine, so when it is present, calcium absorption is greater. Without vitamin D, the absorption of calcium is significantly reduced. Therefore, option A is the best choice.

Question 11

Use the following key to choose the best answer.
-(1) amount of bicarbonate ions in the urine during compensation for alkalosis; (2) amount of bicarbonate ions in the urine during compensation for acidosis

Accepted Answer

During compensation for alkalosis, the kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions in the urine to decrease blood pH, whereas during acidosis, they retain bicarbonate ions to increase blood pH.

Question 12

Ingesting large amounts of sodium bicarbonate can lead to

Accepted Answer

Sodium bicarbonate is a basic compound that can neutralize acids in the body. Ingesting large amounts of it can lead to an excessive increase in blood pH, resulting in metabolic alkalosis. This can have serious consequences such as muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting, and even seizures.

Question 13

-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP on sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. What does "A" represent?

Accepted Answer

The answer of 
-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP...

Question 14

Azetazolamide (Diamox) is a diuretic. It functions by blocking the activity of carbonic anhydrase inside kidney tubule cells. This slows the formation of carbonic acid. By slowing the formation of hydrogen ions in the cells of the tubule, sodium reabsorption is also slowed. This results in the diuretic effect. Select from the following list the possible side-effects of Azetazolamide. (1) acidosis
(2) reduced movement of bicarbonate ion into the plasma
(3) an alkaline urine is produced
(4) respiration increases

Accepted Answer

The answer of Azetazolamide (Diamox) is a diuretic. It functions...

Question 15

Respiratory alkalosis can occur as a result of

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis occurs as a result of hyperventilation, a condition in which a person breathes rapidly which causes carbon dioxide levels in the blood to decrease and increases blood pH making it more alkaline. Asphyxia, asthma, severe emphysema, and hypoventilation are associated with respiratory acidosis, a condition where the body accumulates too much carbon dioxide.

Question 16

Use the following key to choose the best answer.
-(1) the amount of body water in the intracellular compartment; (2) the amount of body water in the extracellular compartment

Accepted Answer

The intracellular compartment contains approximately two thirds of the body's water, while the extracellular compartment contains the remaining one third. Therefore, the amount of body water in the intracellular compartment is greater than the amount in the extracellular compartment.

Question 17

The increase in extracellular osmolality would cause

Accepted Answer

An increase in extracellular osmolality (the concentration of solutes outside the cells) creates a hypertonic environment. Water moves from an area of lower solute concentration (inside the cells) to an area of higher solute concentration (outside the cells), resulting in water moving out of the cells. Therefore, choice A is the best answer.

Question 18

Use the following key to choose the best answer.
-(1) the percent adult weight that is water; (2) the percent of body weight that is water in a child

Accepted Answer

As children have a higher percentage of body water than adults, the second item (percent of body weight that is water in a child) will be greater than the first item (percent adult weight that is water). Therefore, the best choice is B.

Question 19

-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP on sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. What does "B" represent?

Accepted Answer

The answer of 
-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP...

Question 20

The K⁺ level of 2.8 mEq/L indicates hypokalemia. Low plasma K⁺ levels will cause

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia can cause muscle weakness due to decreased muscle function and impaired muscle contraction. Thirst, increased body temperature, tremors, tetany, convulsions, and paralysis are not commonly associated with low plasma potassium levels.

Quiz 27: Water, Electrolytes, and Acidbase Balance

-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP on sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. What does "C" represent?

A falling blood pH and a rising concentration of carbon dioxide due to emphysema, indicate

When normal buffer mechanisms are overwhelmed by excessive numbers of hydrogen ions, which of the following will result?

Use the following key to choose the best answer. -(1) pH of body fluids when carbon dioxide content increases; (2) pH of body fluids when carbon dioxide content decreases

Use the following key to choose the best answer. -(1) amount of sodium in urine when aldosterone levels are high; (2) amount of sodium in urine when aldosterone levels are low

-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP on sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. What does "D" represent?

Which of the following regulatory mechanisms would be stimulated as a result of the increased osmolality that results from a Na+ level of 152 mEq/L?

Hyposecretion of aldosterone would lead to

Prolonged vomiting of stomach contents will result in

Use the following key to choose the best answer. -(1) calcium absorption from intestine when vitamin D is present; (2) calcium absorption from intestine when vitamin D is absent

Use the following key to choose the best answer. -(1) amount of bicarbonate ions in the urine during compensation for alkalosis; (2) amount of bicarbonate ions in the urine during compensation for acidosis

Ingesting large amounts of sodium bicarbonate can lead to

-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP on sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. What does "A" represent?

Respiratory alkalosis can occur as a result of

Use the following key to choose the best answer. -(1) the amount of body water in the intracellular compartment; (2) the amount of body water in the extracellular compartment

The increase in extracellular osmolality would cause

Use the following key to choose the best answer. -(1) the percent adult weight that is water; (2) the percent of body weight that is water in a child

-The diagram illustrates the effect of BP on sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. What does "B" represent?

The K+ level of 2.8 mEq/L indicates hypokalemia. Low plasma K+ levels will cause

The K⁺ level of 2.8 mEq/L indicates hypokalemia. Low plasma K⁺ levels will cause