Question 1

Which of the following statements regarding the sex of a child is true?

Accepted Answer

The sex of a child is determined by the father's genetic contribution. This is because males have one X and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. The sperm from the father can carry either an X or a Y chromosome, which, when combined with the mother's X chromosome, determines the sex of the child.

Question 2

During which stage of prenatal development is the age of viability reached?

Accepted Answer

The age of viability refers to the point in fetal development where a fetus has a chance of surviving outside the womb. This typically occurs around 24-28 weeks of gestation, which is during the fetal stage of prenatal development.

Question 3

For approximately the first two weeks of development,beginning when a sperm fertilizes an egg,the fertilized egg is called a(n):

Accepted Answer

The zygote is the single cell that results from the fusion of the sperm and egg. It is the first stage of development and lasts for approximately two weeks.

Question 4

In the germinal stage,the fertilized egg is called a zygote,while in the fetal stage,it is referred to as a(n):

Accepted Answer

In the germinal stage, the fertilized egg is called a zygote. The zygote undergoes mitosis and division to become an embryo, which then continues to grow and develop into a fetus during the fetal stage. Therefore, the correct term for the developing organism during the fetal stage is a fetus.

Question 5

A researcher is interested in how self-esteem varies across the lifespan and decides to conduct a survey comparing people of different ages to address this issue.He recruits participants to be in one of four different age groups: 20 to 29,30 to 39,40 to 49,and 50 to 59.He has them complete a self-esteem survey,and then analyzes the data to see whether any patterns emerge.This study would be considered an example of a:

Accepted Answer

This study would be considered a cross-sectional design because it is comparing participants of different ages at a single point in time. A longitudinal design would involve following the same individuals over time to track changes in self-esteem. A double-blind design would involve neither the participants nor the researcher knowing which group they are in. A sequential design would involve combining aspects of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs by comparing different cohorts at multiple points in time.

Question 6

A researcher is interested in examining the development and effects of shyness.To do this,she identifies a group of 100 shy children at age 10,and then follows them for the next 10 years,checking in periodically to gather additional information.This design is best described as:

Accepted Answer

This design is best described as a longitudinal design because it follows the same group of participants over a period of time to examine the development and effects of shyness. A cross-sectional design would involve comparing groups at different ages, and a placebo design would involve administering a placebo to a control group. A sequential design would involve combining elements of both longitudinal and cross-sectional designs to examine developmental changes across multiple age groups.

Question 7

Which of the following lists the three stages of prenatal development in the proper order (from earliest to latest)?

Accepted Answer

Prenatal development occurs in three stages: the germinal stage (first 2 weeks), the embryonic stage (3rd to 8th week), and the fetal stage (9th week until birth). The correct order of these stages is germinal, embryonic, and fetal. Therefore, Choice C is the correct answer.

Question 8

In the longitudinal research design,the researcher:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the longitudinal research design,the researcher:
...

Question 9

A cross-sectional design is to a longitudinal design as a(n):

Accepted Answer

The answer of A cross-sectional design is to a longitudinal...

Question 10

Austin wants to do his honour's thesis in psychology in the area of developmental psychology.He has eight months to decide on a specific topic,design the study,collect the data,analyze the results,and write the thesis.Assuming he is interested in comparing children's performance at different ages,what type of design would be the most practical for him to use?

Accepted Answer

A cross-sectional design would be most practical for Austin to use because he is interested in comparing children's performance at different ages. This design allows for the collection of data from multiple age groups at one point in time, which would save time and resources compared to a longitudinal design that would require follow-up with the same individuals over time. A double-blind design and sequential design are not relevant to Austin's research question.

Question 11

Sally is interested in comparing the effects of video game violence on aggression in several different age groups.Which of the following groups would a cross-sectional design be confounded by the age of the cohorts?

Accepted Answer

A cross-sectional design comparing groups of 5, 15, 30, and 60 year olds would be confounded by the age of the cohorts because these age groups are at significantly different life stages, which could influence their responses to video game violence beyond just their age.

Question 12

The type of developmental research design that compares different age groups of children to one another is the __________ design.

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional research designs compare different age groups at the same point in time. This is in contrast to longitudinal designs, which study the same group of participants over an extended period of time. Double-blind and sequential designs are not relevant to developmental research.

Question 13

Which developmental research design is the most practical to conduct in terms of time and money?

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional design is the most practical to conduct in terms of time and money. It involves studying individuals from different age groups at the same time, which typically requires less time and resources than a longitudinal or sequential design that follows individuals over time. Double-blind design is not a developmental research design, it is a method used in experimental studies to control for biases.

Question 14

Upon enrolling their children in a developmental preschool,parents are asked to participate in a study where they will be contacted every two years for the next ten years and asked to complete a quality of education survey.If they agree,parents will be participating in a _______________ research study.

Accepted Answer

A longitudinal study involves following a group of individuals over an extended period of time and collecting data at multiple intervals. In this scenario, the parents will be contacted every two years for ten years to complete a survey about their child's education. Therefore, this is a longitudinal study. Sequential studies involve following different age groups over time, while cross-sectional studies involve collecting data from different age groups at one point in time. Double-blind experimental studies involve manipulating variables and randomly assigning participants to groups to test causal relationships, which is not the case in this scenario.

Question 15

A researcher is interested in the development of stereotypes in children.He collects data from 5-,7-,9-,and 11-year-olds during the fall of one year.He then waits two years and collects data again from the same participants,and then again after another two years.He can then compare children across the different age groups as well as the development of stereotypes within the children themselves across three different time periods.This is an example of what type of design?

Accepted Answer

This is a sequential design because the same participants are studied over time at different ages, allowing for both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons to be made.

Question 16

In developmental research,cohort effects may confound any changes due to age,contributing to a problem with any research design except _________ designs.

Accepted Answer

Sequential designs are specifically designed to address and separate the effects of age from those of cohort and time of measurement, making them less susceptible to the confounding effects of cohort compared to cross-sectional, qualitative, and longitudinal designs.

Question 17

Dr.Jones wants to know whether ten-year olds,twelve-year olds,or fourteen-year olds watch more television.Which of the following research designs would be the most appropriate method for Dr.Jones to use?

Accepted Answer

A cross-sectional study involves comparing different age groups at a given point in time, which would be appropriate for Dr. Jones' research question about different age groups' TV watching habits. The other options (sequential, longitudinal, and pre- and post-test experimental) involve studying changes over time and are not necessary for answering Dr. Jones' question.

Question 18

With respect to the designs typically used in developmental research,which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Sequential designs combine elements of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, allowing researchers to study changes over time and differences between age groups simultaneously.

Question 19

In an ideal world,where researchers do not need to worry about the costs of doing research in terms of time or money,the best research design to address questions of developmental change would typically be the:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In an ideal world,where researchers do not...

Question 20

In a sequential research design,there is repeated testing of _______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a sequential research design,there is repeated...

Quiz 12: Development Over the Lifespan