The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of

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Latent learning refers to the acquisition of knowledge or skills without the explicit reinforcement or feedback. This is demonstrated through experiments involving rats, where rats learn the layout of a maze by simply exploring it, even without any reward or reinforcement. The other options, such as fixed-interval schedules, shaping, and extrinsic motivation, all involve some form of reinforcement or feedback that influences the learning process.

The Fact That Learning Can Occur Without Reinforcement Is Most