Question 1

You have just finished a very stressful final exam period filled with late nights and high anxiety.You start to feel yourself coming down with flulike symptoms.According to Selye's GAS,you are in the ________ phase.

Accepted Answer

Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) characterizes the body's response to stress as passing through three stages: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion. Alarm is the initial stage when the body recognizes and responds to the stressor. Resistance is the stage where the body attempts to cope with the stressor and maintain equilibrium. Exhaustion is the stage when the body's resources become depleted, and it is unable to maintain its defense against the stressor. Since the scenario describes the subject experiencing flu-like symptoms after a stressful period, it is likely that they have expended their resources and are in the exhaustion phase. Therefore, the correct answer is A) Exhaustion.

Question 2

The HPA axis is a system activated to:

Accepted Answer

The HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) is a system that is activated to energize the body and help it respond to stressors. It involves a complex interplay between the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands, ultimately resulting in the release of cortisol, a stress hormone that helps the body mobilize energy and cope with stress.

Question 3

Markesia's body is mobilized to fight off the flu and she is annoyed by minor frustrations that she can usually shake off.According to Hans Selye,she is in the:

Accepted Answer

The resistance phase is marked by the body mobilizing its resources to fight off a stressor or illness, which is what Markesia is experiencing as she fights off the flu. In this phase, the body is attempting to adapt to the stressor and maintain a state of equilibrium, which aligns with Markesia's ability to shake off minor frustrations despite feeling annoyed.

Question 4

If cortisol and other stress hormones remain high too long,they can cause all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The answer of If cortisol and other stress hormones remain...

Question 5

In order to engage in either a "fight or flight" response to danger,the hypothalamus first activates the ________,ultimately causing the release of ________.

Accepted Answer

The "fight or flight" response is primarily mediated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. When the hypothalamus detects a threat, it sends a signal to the sympathetic nervous system, which activates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. These hormones help prepare the body for physical activity and enhance the stress response. Therefore, option C is correct because it correctly identifies the autonomic nervous system and epinephrine/norepinephrine as the key players in the fight or flight response.

Question 6

According to Selye,in the general activating syndrome (GAS),the phase in which the ongoing resistance to stressors is greatly diminished,depleting the body of energy potentially resulting in increased vulnerability to illness is:

Accepted Answer

Exhaustion is the phase in which the ongoing resistance to stressors is greatly diminished, depleting the body of energy potentially resulting in increased vulnerability to illness, according to Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome. The other phases are alarm, where the body prepares for the stressor; resistance, where the body adapts and copes with the stressor; and recovery, where the body returns to its pre-stress state.

Question 7

PNI researchers are especially interested in the:

Accepted Answer

PNI (psychoneuroimmunology) researchers study the interactions between the psychological, neurological, and immune systems. Therefore, they are especially interested in understanding the functioning and responses of the immune system, including the role of white blood cells in fighting disease and infection. Hostility and depression (A) may be of interest to researchers studying the links between mental health and immune function, but it is not the primary focus of PNI. While cognitive strategies for coping with stress (D) may also be relevant to PNI research, it is not the central focus. Primary and secondary control (B), which refer to different types of coping techniques, may be of interest to some PNI researchers, but it is not as central as understanding the immune system.

Question 8

Current approaches to the physiology of stress have found that:

Accepted Answer

Current approaches to the physiology of stress have found that when a person is under stress, their brain's hypothalamus sends messages to the endocrine glands along two major pathways: the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The activation of these pathways leads to physiological changes in the body, such as increased heart rate and blood pressure, and the release of stress hormones, such as cortisol.

Question 9

In order to increase energy and protect the body's tissues in response to danger,the hypothalamus first activates the ________,ultimately causing the release of ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In order to increase energy and protect...

Question 10

When a person is under stress,the brain's hypothalamus sends messages to the endocrine glands along two major pathways,one of which activates the:

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic nervous system is activated during the stress response, releasing hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol that prepare the body to fight or flee. The other options mentioned are not directly related to the stress response.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT one of the key stress hormones released by the adrenal glands?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin is not a stress hormone released by the adrenal glands. It is a hormone released by the pineal gland in the brain that regulates sleep-wake cycles.

Question 12

In order to maintain health,a person should aim for:

Accepted Answer

Minimizing the wear and tear of stress on the body is the best choice. It is not possible to completely avoid stress in life, but managing it effectively can help in minimizing its negative impact on the body. This can be achieved by adopting healthy coping mechanisms like mindfulness, exercise, and relaxation techniques.

Question 13

________ is the study of the relationships among psychology,the nervous and endocrine systems,and the immune system.

Accepted Answer

Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the interconnectedness among psychology, the nervous and endocrine systems, and the immune system. It looks at how these systems work together and affect each other, and how this affects overall health and disease.

Question 14

When a person is under stress,the brain's hypothalamus sends messages to the ________ along two major pathways.

Accepted Answer

When under stress, the hypothalamus sends messages to the endocrine glands via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 15

The HPA axis is an abbreviation for:

Accepted Answer

The HPA axis represents the connection between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex, which are involved in regulating the body's response to stress and maintaining homeostasis.

Question 16

A person is in the ________ when the body becomes more vulnerable to other stressors.For example,when the body is mobilized to fight off the flu,it is easier to be annoyed by minor frustrations.

Accepted Answer

The resistance phase is the stage when the body is mobilized to fight off a stressor. However, during this phase, the body may become more vulnerable to other stressors, making it easier to become annoyed by minor frustrations or get sick from other illnesses. The exhaustion phase is the stage when the body's resources are depleted and it can no longer maintain the resistance to the stressor. The alarm phase is the initial stage when the body responds to a stressor. The chronic stress phase is not a recognized stage of the stress response.

Question 17

Although Selye's theory about physiological stress reactions has been proven very useful,the theory is limited in that:

Accepted Answer

Selye's theory did not take into account individual differences in the physiological stress response or the fact that different stressors can produce different physiological responses. While his theory of three stages of stress has been expanded to include additional phases, the idea that the body can adapt to short-term stress but suffer negative consequences from long-term stress remains well-supported.

Question 18

Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and she is behind in all her classes.For the past six months her job has been extremely stressful,but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition.Her vulnerability to illness,such as chronic hypertension,has increased.According to Hans Selye,Dahlia is in the:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and...

Question 19

A person is in the ________ when vulnerability to physical problems increases,and illness,such as chronic hypertension,develops.

Accepted Answer

The exhaustion phase is the third and final stage of the general adaptation syndrome, when the body's resources are depleted and it becomes vulnerable to physical problems and illness. Chronic hypertension is a physical problem that could result from prolonged exposure to stress. The alarm phase is the initial response to stress, the resistance phase is when the body adapts to the stressor, and chronic stress phase is not a commonly used term in the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 20

When you are under stress,the brain's ________ sends messages to the endocrine glands along two major pathways.

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating stress responses through the release of hormones that activate the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The amygdala is involved in detecting and responding to fearful stimuli, but it does not directly send messages to endocrine glands. The corpus callosum is a bundle of nerves that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, but it is not directly involved in the stress response. The hippocampus is involved in memory formation and retrieval, but it does not control the release of stress hormones.

Quiz 11: Emotion,stress,and Health