Question 1

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts.
-The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so,depending on its consequences.

Accepted Answer

The process described in the definition is operant conditioning.

Answer: C
 Higher-order conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a previously conditioned stimulus to create a new conditioned response.

Answer: E
 Conditioning is a general term that encompasses both classical and operant conditioning.

Answer: D
 Counterconditioning involves changing the association between a stimulus and a response through the introduction of a new, more desirable response.

Question 2

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept.
-A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to a form of learning that occurs without any immediate reinforcement or overt response. Instead, the learning is not expressed until it is needed or there is a reason to demonstrate the learning.

Question 3

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts.
-The process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is the process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response.

Answer: B
 Higher-order conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus and is paired with a new conditioned stimulus to produce a second conditioned response.

Answer: A
 Operant conditioning is the process by which the consequences of a voluntary behavior affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the future.

Answer: D
 Counterconditioning is the process of using classical conditioning to shift an individual's emotional response to a stimulus from one that is negative to one that is positive.

Answer: E
 Conditioning refers generally to the process of learning associations between a stimulus and a response. Both classical conditioning and operant conditioning are examples of conditioning processes.

Question 4

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept.
-The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning.

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning.

Question 5

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept.
-The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The definition matches with the concept of conditioned response.

Question 6

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts.
-A procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Higher-order conditioning is the process in which a neutral stimulus is paired with an already established conditioned stimulus, resulting in the neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus as well.

Answer: C
 Classical conditioning is the overall process in which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus (such as a bell) with a meaningful stimulus (such as food) in order to produce a new, learned response.

Answer: D 
 Counterconditioning is the process of reversing or counteracting a previously learned association, typically through systematic desensitization or exposure therapy.

Answer: E 
 Conditioning is a general term that refers to the learning process by which an organism acquires new behaviors, thoughts, or emotional responses in response to specific stimuli.

Answer: A 
 Operant conditioning refers specifically to the process by which an organism learns to associate certain behaviors with specific consequences (either rewards or punishments), and then adjusts their behavior accordingly.

Question 7

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept.
-A stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence.

Accepted Answer

A discriminative stimulus is a cue or context that gives information to an organism about the likelihood of obtaining reinforcement for a certain response.

Answer: B
 Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of time without reinforcement.

Answer: C
 Shaping involves rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior to train a new behavior.

Answer: D
 Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without an observable change in behavior.

Answer: E
 Instinctive drift occurs when an animal's innate response tendencies interfere with learned behavior, causing the animal to revert to its instinctive behavior instead of performing a learned one.

Question 8

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms.
-A basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses.

Accepted Answer

Conditioning is the basic type of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses.

Answer: B
 Behaviorism is a theory of learning that focuses on observable behaviors and discounting mental activities such as thinking and feeling.

Answer: C
 Observational learning is a type of learning where individuals acquire new behaviors and knowledge from observing others.

Answer: E
 Behavior modification is a type of therapy that seeks to change or eliminate maladaptive behaviors through positive and negative reinforcement.

Answer: A 
 Learning is the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or being taught.

Question 9

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts.
-The process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

Counterconditioning involves pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

Question 10

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms.
-A process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behaviour of another (a model)rather than through direct experience.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning is the process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behaviour of another (a model) rather than through direct experience.

Answer: A
 Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behaviour or knowledge that occurs as a result of experience.

Answer: B
 Behaviorism is a theoretical approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behaviour and the role of the environment in shaping behaviour.

Answer: D
 Conditioning refers to the process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavioural responses.

Answer: E
 Behaviour modification refers to the use of behavioural principles and techniques to address specific behavioural problems or disorders.

Question 11

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept.
-During operant conditioning,the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Instinctive drift refers to the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behavior during operant conditioning, which can interfere with learned behaviors.

Question 12

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms.
-A relatively permanent change in behaviour (or behavioural potential)due to experience.

Accepted Answer

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour (or behavioural potential)due to experience.

Answer: D
 Conditioning refers to the process of learning associations between two events or stimuli, resulting in a change in behaviour.

Answer: B
 Behaviourism is a theoretical perspective that emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behaviour, through principles of conditioning.

Answer: C
 Observational learning refers to the process of learning by observing the behaviour of others, and the consequences of that behaviour.

Answer: E
 Behaviour modification refers to the process of changing or shaping behaviour through systematic application of principles of learning, such as reinforcement or punishment.

Question 13

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept.
-The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a learned response after it has been extinguished.

Question 14

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept.
-The classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A conditioned stimulus is an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 15

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms.
-An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behaviour and the role of the environment as a determinant of behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Behaviourism is the approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behaviour and the role of the environment as a determinant of behaviour.

Answer: D
 Conditioning refers to the process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses.

Answer: A
 Learning refers to the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, and attitudes through experience, study, or instruction.

Answer: E
 Behaviour modification is an approach to therapy that aims to change maladaptive behaviours by manipulating environmental contingencies to increase desirable behaviours and reduce undesirable ones.

Observational learning is the process of acquiring new information, skills, or attitudes by observing the behaviour of others.

Question 16

Match the types of learning with the appropriate names.
-Puzzle boxes

Accepted Answer

Puzzle boxes are associated with Edward Thorndike, who used them in his famous experiments on trial-and-error learning with cats. The other options are associated with different types of learning: Edward Tolman with cognitive mapping; Watson and Rayner with classical conditioning (specifically, the Little Albert experiment); Ivan Pavlov with classical conditioning (more broadly); and B.F. Skinner with operant conditioning.

Question 17

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms.
-The application of conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Behaviour modification is the process of using conditioning techniques to teach new responses or eliminate problematic behaviour.

Question 18

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept.
-The classical-conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.

Accepted Answer

The definition given describes the concept of an unconditioned response.

Question 19

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts.
-A basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts.
-A...

Question 20

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept.
-An operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

Accepted Answer

Shaping is the operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

Answer: A 
 Discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that signals whether a particular response or behavior is likely to be rewarded or not.

Answer: D 
 Latent learning is learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not immediately reflected in behavior.

Answer: E 
 Instinctive drift is the tendency of animals to revert to instinctual behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response.

Answer: B 
 Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Quiz 7: Learning and Conditioning

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts. -The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so,depending on its consequences.

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept. -A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts. -The process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept. -The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept. -The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts. -A procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept. -A stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence.

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms. -A basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts. -The process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms. -A process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behaviour of another (a model) rather than through direct experience.

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept. -During operant conditioning,the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behaviour.

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms. -A relatively permanent change in behaviour (or behavioural potential) due to experience.

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept. -The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept. -The classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms. -An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behaviour and the role of the environment as a determinant of behaviour.

Match the types of learning with the appropriate names. -Puzzle boxes

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms. -The application of conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behaviour.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept. -The classical-conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts. -A basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses.

Match the descriptions with the appropriate concept. -An operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.