Question 1

The induced hypocrisy paradigm has been used to show behavior change in which area of behavior?

Accepted Answer

The induced hypocrisy paradigm has been mainly used to show behavior change in the area of safe sex. It involves making people aware of their own inconsistent behavior and beliefs, and then encouraging them to align their behavior with their beliefs.

Question 2

The cyberball experimental paradigm is used to investigate what experience?

Accepted Answer

The cyberball experiment involves simulating a game of catch between three players, where the participant is ultimately excluded from the game. This is used to investigate the experience of ostracism, or the feeling of being left out or excluded from a group.

Question 3

Minimal deterrence is:

Accepted Answer

Minimal deterrence refers to the use of the least possible amount of external justification required to prevent undesirable behavior. This approach aims to reduce the use of force or coercion and prioritize individual freedom while still maintaining social order.

Question 4

According to research on self-verification, people who have negative views of themselves seek out others who _____.

Accepted Answer

According to self-verification theory, individuals seek out feedback from others that confirms their pre-existing self-concept, whether it is positive or negative. Therefore, individuals with negative self-views are more likely to seek out others who also have negative views of them in order to confirm their negative self-concept.

Question 5

According to the dramaturgical perspective, if a person is not consciously aware that they are enacting a social role, then they are _____.

Accepted Answer

The dramaturgical perspective suggests that individuals are constantly performing their social roles in a theatrical manner, whether they are aware of it or not. Therefore, if someone is not consciously aware of their social role, they are still giving a sincere performance.

Question 6

Jason was diagnosed with cancer when he was 30. Initially, he was devastated by the news, and fell into a deep depression. However, he started going to a cancer support group, and realized that there were many people far sicker and more alone than he was. Eventually, he changed the course of his life and dedicated himself to founding and running a charity to improve the lives of people with debilitating illness. Running this charity makes him happier than anything he ever did before. Jason's story is most clearly an example of:

Accepted Answer

Jason's story is a classic example of a redemption story, where someone experiences a setback, but through effort and struggle, is able to transform their life in a positive way.

Question 7

People often have an illusion of transparency, meaning that they:

Accepted Answer

People often mistakenly assume that their inner feelings and thoughts are more visible to others than they actually are, which is known as the illusion of transparency. This can lead to misunderstandings or miscommunications, as others may not be aware of the true thoughts or emotions of the individual.

Question 8

The tendency to make external attributions for bad things one does, and internal attributions for good things one does, is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

The tendency to make external attributions for bad things one does and internal attributions for good things one does is referred to as the self-serving bias. This bias helps us protect our self-esteem and view ourselves positively.

Question 9

A flow state is one in which:

Accepted Answer

A flow state occurs when a person's skills match the challenges of the situation they are in, resulting in a deep sense of focus and engagement. The other options (A, B, and C) do not accurately describe a flow state.

Question 10

Which of the following premises is suggested by self-affirmation theory?

Accepted Answer

Self-affirmation theory suggests that people respond less defensively to threats to one aspect of themselves if they think about another valued aspect of themselves. This is because affirming a sense of self-worth in one domain can buffer individuals against threats in other domains. Option A is incorrect as self-affirmation theory does not suggest that people do well in life if they continually praise themselves. Option B may be true, but it is not the premise suggested by self-affirmation theory. Option D is incorrect as self-affirmation theory is based on the idea that everyone requires a sense of self-esteem.

Question 11

Self-determination theory proposes that _____ motivation is most healthy and fulfilling for the person.

Accepted Answer

Self-determination theory proposes that intrinsic motivation, which comes from within a person, is the most healthy and fulfilling type of motivation because it is driven by personal interest and enjoyment rather than external rewards or pressures. Introjected motivation, while partially internal, is still driven by external pressures such as a need for approval or avoiding guilt. Extrinsic motivation is entirely driven by external factors such as rewards, punishments, or social expectations. Social motivation is not a specific type of motivation proposed by self-determination theory.

Question 12

A sense of personal value based on enduring inner qualities is referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic self-esteem refers to a sense of personal value based on enduring inner qualities such as personality traits, skills, and achievements. It is different from extrinsic self-esteem, which is based on external factors like appearance, status, or possessions. Self-compassion refers to treating oneself with kindness during times of adversity, and self-concept clarity refers to having a clear and stable understanding of one's own personality and identity.

Question 13

In a classic method for studying dissonance, participants are prompted to engage in a counterattitudinal behavior. When there is little external justification for the behavior, people typically change their attitudes to match the behavior. What is the name for this method?

Accepted Answer

This method is called induced compliance or the compliance paradigm. It involves inducing someone to engage in a behavior that is inconsistent with their beliefs or values. The goal is to create dissonance, which can then lead to attitude change.

Question 14

A classic study by Cialdini (1976) and colleagues on people's reactions to their college sports team showed that students were more likely to wear school apparel when the football team had recently won a game. This study BEST demonstrates _____.

Accepted Answer

This study demonstrates the concept of basking in reflected glory, which suggests that people associate themselves with successful others (in this case, their college football team) in order to boost their own self-esteem and status.

Question 15

In a study, participants who received positive personality feedback before watching a disturbingly graphic video did not show a negative emotional reaction to the video. What theory of self-esteem motivation does this finding support?

Accepted Answer

This finding supports the anxiety-buffer theory of self-esteem motivation, which suggests that people have a need to buffer themselves from anxiety and negative emotions. In this case, receiving positive personality feedback boosted participants' self-esteem, and therefore buffered them from negative emotional reactions to the disturbing video.

Question 16

Suke is uncertain about her ability to pass a French exam. She is spending quite a bit of time worrying about how her failure on the exam might reflect poorly on her. Suke is also an athlete, and the day before the test her friend invites her to run a marathon. The exam is in the early morning, and Suke knows that running the marathon would exhaust her, making it difficult to do well on the test. What does research suggest Suke will do?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that people often engage in self-handicapping behaviors, like agreeing to run the marathon, to create an excuse for potential failure, thereby protecting their self-esteem.

Question 17

Self-monitoring is:

Accepted Answer

Self-monitoring refers to an individual's ability and desire to adjust their behavior and self-presentation to fit their social environment. Option A refers to social status, option B refers to mindfulness, and option D refers to social comparison.

Question 18

State self-esteem refers specifically to _____, while trait self-esteem refers specifically to _____.

Accepted Answer

State self-esteem is a temporary feeling about oneself that can fluctuate with circumstances, while trait self-esteem is a more stable, general attitude towards oneself.

Question 19

In the free choice paradigm for testing dissonance processes, people reevaluate their initial judgment of objects after choosing between them. This process is referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

The process described in the question is referred to as spreading of alternatives. This is when people amplify the differences between the chosen and unchosen options in order to reduce the discomfort of cognitive dissonance. Choice A is incorrect because minimal deterrence is a strategy used to discourage potential adversaries from taking harmful actions. Choice B is incorrect because induced compliance involves inducing someone to behave in a way that is inconsistent with their beliefs or values in order to create dissonance. Choice D is incorrect because trivialization is a strategy of downplaying the importance of the inconsistency between beliefs and actions.

Question 20

Self-compassion involves:

Accepted Answer

Self-compassion involves being kind and understanding toward oneself when faced with failure, inadequacy, or suffering. It includes treating oneself with the same kindness, concern, and support one would offer to a good friend. Option A (seeking out others with similar self-views) does not necessarily align with self-compassion, whereas Option B (difficulty matching skills to a challenge) and Option C (focusing on another aspect of oneself) are not directly related to self-compassion.

Quiz 6: The Key Self-Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation, and Growth