Question 1

According to cross-cultural research by Choi and Nisbett (1998),which of the following statements concerning American and Korean attributions about themselves versus others is true?

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

In what sense are implicit personality theories a special kind of schema?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In what sense are implicit personality theories...

Question 3

The fundamental attributional error occurs more often in _______ cultures.

Accepted Answer

The fundamental attribution error, which is the tendency to attribute others' behaviors to their dispositions while ignoring situational factors, occurs more often in Western cultures. Western cultures tend to emphasize individualism, leading people to focus more on individual traits and less on situational contexts.

Question 4

The belief in a just world is a _______ that helps people _______.

Accepted Answer

The belief in a just world is a type of defensive attribution that helps individuals rationalize events and circumstances in a way that maintains the perception that the world is fair, and therefore, life is safe, orderly, and predictable. This belief can influence how people interpret and respond to various situations, particularly those involving justice and fairness.

Question 5

Ryan (an American student)and Kim (an exchange student from Korea)are waiting in the medical clinic reception area.A father rushes in carrying his 3-year-old child in his arms and demands an appointment for his child.As the receptionist tries to explain that the clinic is closing soon and there are no more appointments available for this evening,the father becomes increasingly agitated.According to research by Choi and Nisbett (1998)on cross-cultural differences in the actor/observer effect,what attributions about the father's behaviour would be predicted for Ryan and Kim?

Accepted Answer

Choi and Nisbett's research suggests that individuals from Western cultures (like Ryan) tend to make dispositional attributions for others' behavior (i.e., explaining behavior in terms of personality traits), while individuals from Eastern cultures (like Kim) tend to make situational attributions (i.e., explaining behavior in terms of contextual factors). Therefore, Ryan is more likely to describe the father's behavior as aggressive (a dispositional attribution), while Kim is more likely to describe his behavior as stressed (a situational attribution).

Question 6

You are on a balcony in Hong Kong reading the morning newspaper and you notice a headline about a double murder that took place in the city overnight.A suspect is in custody.Which of the following headlines is most likely to accompany the story?

Accepted Answer

The headline "Dispute Over Gambling Debt Ends in Murder" is the most likely choice as it suggests a motive for the crime, rather than sensationalizing the suspect as a deviant, maniac, or craze murderer. A bloodthirsty mobster taking revenge would also suggest a motive, but it may not be accurate and could be seen as stereotyping.

Question 7

How have researchers collected evidence that there are six major human emotions conveyed via facial expressions?

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Question 8

Why is the correspondence bias also called the fundamental attribution error and why does it occur?

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Question 9

Why and how does a belief in a just world often lead to victim blaming? Describe the belief in a just world and explain why it occurs and how this belief can have negative consequences for the victims of crime.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why and how does a belief in...

Question 10

According to recent research,why does culture influence our tendency to make internal versus external attributions?

Accepted Answer

Culture influences our tendency to make internal versus external attributions because cultures vary in the extent to which interdependence and conformity are valued. In individualistic cultures, individuals are encouraged to be independent and take responsibility for their actions, leading to a greater tendency to make internal attributions. In collectivist cultures, individuals are taught to value interdependence and conformity, leading to a greater tendency to make external attributions.

Question 11

According to recent research by Hafer (2000),victim blaming is increased when people's thoughts are directed towards planning for their future.This is related to

Accepted Answer

The belief in a just world is the belief that individuals get what they deserve and therefore those who experience negative outcomes must have done something to deserve them. Planning for the future may increase belief in a just world, leading individuals to blame victims for their misfortune as a way of maintaining their belief in a just world.

Question 12

Nonverbal behaviours-facial expressions,tones of voice,gestures,posture,touch,adjusting physical distance-serve many useful functions in communication.Your text describes four primary uses of nonverbal behaviours.Briefly describe three.

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

Cross cultural research has found that common attributional biases shown in the West are less common in East Asian cultures. Briefly describe TWO attributional biases for which there are cultural differences and explain the non-Western pattern shown in research.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cross cultural research has found that common...

Question 14

Why is belief in a just world a self-serving belief?

Accepted Answer

Belief in a just world allows individuals to feel secure by thinking that bad things happen to others due to their actions, thus convincing themselves they are safe if they act rightly.

Question 15

A number of researchers have found that participants from Asian cultures are less likely than participants from Western cultures to commit the fundamental attribution error.These findings suggest that

Accepted Answer

The finding that participants from Asian cultures are less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error suggests that cultural values can influence cognitive processes. In many Asian cultures, there is a greater emphasis on collectivism and the idea that individuals are shaped by their social context, which may lead to a more holistic and contextualized view of behavior. This is in contrast to Western cultures, which tend to focus more on individualism and personal attributes when explaining behavior.

Question 16

Cross cultural research has found that common attributional biases shown in the West are less common in East Asian cultures.Briefly describe TWO attributional biases for which there are cultural differences and explain the non-Western pattern shown in research.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cross cultural research has found that common...

Question 17

Several researchers have found that rape victims are often seen as causing their rapes,and that battered women are often held responsible for their abuse.These findings best represent

Accepted Answer

This reflects the belief in a just world, where people assume that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people, leading to victim-blaming.

Question 18

What are self-serving attributions and why do people make them?

Accepted Answer

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Question 19

Recall the cross-cultural differences in the self-serving bias between Eastern and Western cultures.Describe the differences,and provide an example of how someone in China might attribute a failure compared to someone from Canada.

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Question 20

Consider the following headline: "Evil Empire Masses Troops on Border." In which of the following newspapers would you be most likely to encounter such a headline?

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 4: Social Perception

According to cross-cultural research by Choi and Nisbett (1998) ,which of the following statements concerning American and Korean attributions about themselves versus others is true?