Question 1

The fact that experienced courtroom judges allowed judgments from either journalists,or even random sources,to significantly influence their opinions can be explained by ________.

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon where experienced courtroom judges allow judgments from journalists or random sources to significantly influence their opinions is best explained by "anchoring and adjustment." This cognitive bias occurs when individuals rely too heavily on an initial piece of information (the "anchor") to make subsequent judgments. Even experts, such as judges, can be influenced by initial information or opinions they encounter, which then serves as a reference point for their decisions, and they may adjust insufficiently away from this anchor.

Question 2

The term "cognitive load" refers to ________.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive load refers to the amount of mental effort or resources that a person is using at a given time. It can be influenced by factors such as the complexity of a task, the amount of information being presented, and the experience level of the person performing the task.

Question 3

If you were a convicted defendant facing sentencing for your crime,based on anchoring and adjustment research,what would you want the judge to do before she sentenced you?

Accepted Answer

Having the judge give a light sentence to another criminal for a similar crime could serve as an anchor, potentially leading to a lighter sentence for you as well.

Question 4

An increased availability of information due to exposure to specific stimuli is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

Priming refers to the increased availability of information due to exposure to specific stimuli. It is a phenomenon where exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention. This can impact various cognitive processes, including memory, behavior, and perception. Options A, B, C, and D refer to different cognitive biases, but do not capture the specific concept of priming.

Question 5

A self-fulfilling prophecy is ________.

Accepted Answer

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a phenomenon in which people's beliefs or expectations about a situation, person, or group lead them to act in ways that fulfill those beliefs or expectations, even if they are not initially true. In other words, the belief becomes true because people act on it as if it were true. This is similar to the definition of schema, but specifically refers to the way that people's beliefs can influence the social world to become consistent with those beliefs.

Question 6

One evening,after seeing a(n)________ at the Cineplex,you are on your way home.You drive into a store parking lot,where another driver grabs a parking place you had spotted and were waiting for.You perceive the behavior as very ________.

Accepted Answer

The fact that the person perceives the behavior as aggressive suggests that they were angered or upset by the other driver taking the parking spot. The violent movie also potentially could have added to any negative emotions they were feeling.

Question 7

The tendency to use a particular number or value as a starting point to which changes are made is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

The tendency to use a particular number or value as a starting point to which changes are made is known as the Anchoring and Adjustment heuristic. This heuristic describes the cognitive bias where people tend to rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive (the "anchor") when making decisions, and then adjust insufficiently away from that anchor when subsequent information is presented.

Question 8

Once it is activated,the status quo heuristic may have automatic effects on behavior.This can cause individuals to ________.

Accepted Answer

The activated status quo heuristic causes individuals to behave consistently with the schema without being aware of the reason for their behavior. They may not even realize that they are relying on their mental framework to guide their actions.

Question 9

Participants in one study by Eidelman,Pattershall,and Crandall (2010)found that people preferred a product that was ____ rather than ____ due to the status quo heuristic.

Accepted Answer

According to the status quo heuristic, people tend to prefer the current state of affairs and are generally resistant to change. Therefore, they would prefer a product that is older rather than newer, as it aligns with their preference for the status quo.

Question 10

When you notice something and then remember it,you are involving the processes known as ________ and ________.

Accepted Answer

When you notice something, you are paying attention to it, and when you remember it, you are encoding that information into your memory. Attention and encoding are the cognitive processes involved in noticing and remembering information, respectively.

Question 11

The academic performance of certain students dramatically improved when teachers were led to believe that those students were intellectually gifted,regardless of the true ability levels of the students.This result shows the importance of ________.

Accepted Answer

This result shows the importance of schemas and self-fulfilling prophecies, where the teachers' belief in the students' intellectual giftedness acted as a schema that influenced their expectations and behavior towards the students, ultimately leading to improved academic performance.

Question 12

Norman chronically buys and sells "things" on eBay.He is used to establishing an anchor in negotiating his way toward some endpoint,a sales price,an agreement about delivery time,shipping costs,whatever.The anchor for him is almost always a way of dealing with ________.

Accepted Answer

Norman's use of an anchor in negotiations suggests that he is dealing with uncertainty, which is often the reason for establishing an anchor in negotiations. The other answer choices do not align with the information given about Norman's negotiating style.

Question 13

Retrieval of information from memory is involved in social thought.When tested to see what information is more readily available from memory,individuals are more likely to respond with ________.

Accepted Answer

Research in psychology suggests that the ease of retrieval of information from memory can depend on the situation. Sometimes, schema-congruent information (information that fits well with an individual's existing beliefs or expectations) is more readily recalled because it is processed more deeply or fits into existing cognitive structures more easily. However, in other situations, schema-incongruent information (information that does not fit well with existing beliefs or expectations) might be more readily recalled because it stands out more and is thus more memorable. Therefore, whether schema-congruent or schema-incongruent information is more readily available can depend on the context or situation.

Question 14

One way that schemas influence social thought is by ________.

Accepted Answer

Schemas act as a filter to direct our attention towards information that is consistent with our existing beliefs and away from information that is inconsistent. This selective attention influences our social thought processes by affecting the information we encode, interpret, and remember.

Question 15

Which of the following individuals is exhibiting behaviors or thoughts consistent with priming?

Accepted Answer

Priming is the process whereby exposure to a stimulus, such as a word or image, influences a subsequent response. In this scenario, reading a romantic novel can prime Natalie to feel more affectionate and loving towards her boyfriend.

Question 16

Schemas affect our use of stored memories by ________.

Accepted Answer

Schemas make it easier for us to retrieve information that is consistent with the schema, as they provide a mental framework or blueprint for organizing and interpreting incoming information. This helps to reduce cognitive load and improve recall of relevant information.

Question 17

The storing of information in memory involves the process known as ________.

Accepted Answer

The process of storing information in memory involves encoding, which is the process of transforming external stimuli into a form that can be stored in the brain's memory system. Storage involves maintaining the encoded information in memory over time, while retrieval involves accessing and using the stored information when it is needed. Attention and cognitive load play important roles in encoding and retrieval, but they are not the primary processes involved in the initial storage of information in memory.

Question 18

If you would like for your student government to pass a bill putting more lights along major walkways,how could you use ease of retrieval to persuade them?

Accepted Answer

Option B asks the student government members to relate to personal experiences of feeling fearful due to the lack of lighting on campus. This can make them more empathetic towards the cause and understand the need for the bill. Additionally, only thinking of 2 instances is easy and quick, making it more likely for them to retrieve and remember the information when it comes time to vote.

Question 19

Angelique comes to class,avidly looking forward to her professor's lecture on east Ecuadoran carpet-weaving.Instead,the professor whips out a deck of cards and starts doing close-up magic for the class.Angelique will most likely ________.

Accepted Answer

Angelique came to class expecting a lecture on east Ecuadoran carpet-weaving, but instead encountered a completely unexpected situation. The professor's behavior was inconsistent with Angelique's pre-existing schema (or mental representation) of what a typical lecture on carpet-weaving would involve. Therefore, Angelique is likely to encode this as memorable information that is inconsistent with her professor schema.

Question 20

In a study,participants who were allowed to "express the influence of a prime," during a first task,were ________ by that prime during a second similar task.

Accepted Answer

Allowing participants to express the influence of a prime during a first task typically reduces the prime's influence in subsequent tasks, as the expression can lead to a form of cognitive processing that diminishes the prime's effect.

Quiz 2: Social Cognition: How We Think About the Social World

The fact that experienced courtroom judges allowed judgments from either journalists,or even random sources,to significantly influence their opinions can be explained by ________.

The term "cognitive load" refers to ________.

If you were a convicted defendant facing sentencing for your crime,based on anchoring and adjustment research,what would you want the judge to do before she sentenced you?

An increased availability of information due to exposure to specific stimuli is known as ________.

A self-fulfilling prophecy is ________.

One evening,after seeing a(n) at the Cineplex,you are on your way home.You drive into a store parking lot,where another driver grabs a parking place you had spotted and were waiting for.You perceive the behavior as very .

The tendency to use a particular number or value as a starting point to which changes are made is known as ________.

Once it is activated,the status quo heuristic may have automatic effects on behavior.This can cause individuals to ________.

Participants in one study by Eidelman,Pattershall,and Crandall (2010) found that people preferred a product that was rather than due to the status quo heuristic.

When you notice something and then remember it,you are involving the processes known as and .

The academic performance of certain students dramatically improved when teachers were led to believe that those students were intellectually gifted,regardless of the true ability levels of the students.This result shows the importance of ________.

Norman chronically buys and sells "things" on eBay.He is used to establishing an anchor in negotiating his way toward some endpoint,a sales price,an agreement about delivery time,shipping costs,whatever.The anchor for him is almost always a way of dealing with ________.

Retrieval of information from memory is involved in social thought.When tested to see what information is more readily available from memory,individuals are more likely to respond with ________.

One way that schemas influence social thought is by ________.

Which of the following individuals is exhibiting behaviors or thoughts consistent with priming?

Schemas affect our use of stored memories by ________.

The storing of information in memory involves the process known as ________.

If you would like for your student government to pass a bill putting more lights along major walkways,how could you use ease of retrieval to persuade them?

Angelique comes to class,avidly looking forward to her professor's lecture on east Ecuadoran carpet-weaving.Instead,the professor whips out a deck of cards and starts doing close-up magic for the class.Angelique will most likely ________.

In a study,participants who were allowed to "express the influence of a prime," during a first task,were ________ by that prime during a second similar task.

Quiz 2: Social Cognition: How We Think About the Social World

The fact that experienced courtroom judges allowed judgments from either journalists,or even random sources,to significantly influence their opinions can be explained by ________.

The term "cognitive load" refers to ________.

If you were a convicted defendant facing sentencing for your crime,based on anchoring and adjustment research,what would you want the judge to do before she sentenced you?

An increased availability of information due to exposure to specific stimuli is known as ________.

A self-fulfilling prophecy is ________.

One evening,after seeing a(n) ________ at the Cineplex,you are on your way home.You drive into a store parking lot,where another driver grabs a parking place you had spotted and were waiting for.You perceive the behavior as very ________.

The tendency to use a particular number or value as a starting point to which changes are made is known as ________.

Once it is activated,the status quo heuristic may have automatic effects on behavior.This can cause individuals to ________.

Participants in one study by Eidelman,Pattershall,and Crandall (2010) found that people preferred a product that was ____ rather than ____ due to the status quo heuristic.

When you notice something and then remember it,you are involving the processes known as ________ and ________.

The academic performance of certain students dramatically improved when teachers were led to believe that those students were intellectually gifted,regardless of the true ability levels of the students.This result shows the importance of ________.

Norman chronically buys and sells "things" on eBay.He is used to establishing an anchor in negotiating his way toward some endpoint,a sales price,an agreement about delivery time,shipping costs,whatever.The anchor for him is almost always a way of dealing with ________.

Retrieval of information from memory is involved in social thought.When tested to see what information is more readily available from memory,individuals are more likely to respond with ________.

One way that schemas influence social thought is by ________.

Which of the following individuals is exhibiting behaviors or thoughts consistent with priming?

Schemas affect our use of stored memories by ________.

The storing of information in memory involves the process known as ________.

If you would like for your student government to pass a bill putting more lights along major walkways,how could you use ease of retrieval to persuade them?

Angelique comes to class,avidly looking forward to her professor's lecture on east Ecuadoran carpet-weaving.Instead,the professor whips out a deck of cards and starts doing close-up magic for the class.Angelique will most likely ________.

In a study,participants who were allowed to "express the influence of a prime," during a first task,were ________ by that prime during a second similar task.

One evening,after seeing a(n) at the Cineplex,you are on your way home.You drive into a store parking lot,where another driver grabs a parking place you had spotted and were waiting for.You perceive the behavior as very .

Participants in one study by Eidelman,Pattershall,and Crandall (2010) found that people preferred a product that was rather than due to the status quo heuristic.

When you notice something and then remember it,you are involving the processes known as and .