Question 1

Raymond Silverfox and Robert Stone died in police custody.Psychologists have investigated the role that racial stereotypes and prejudice have on police behaviour.How does a suspect's race affect police behaviour?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Raymond Silverfox and Robert Stone died in...

Question 2

Now that Betty knows she has to work with Harvey on a project in their education class,which of the following is most likely to happen?

Accepted Answer

Since Betty knows she has to work with Harvey, she is likely to pay attention to his personal characteristics to get a sense of what kind of person he is and how to work with him effectively. This may prevent her from seeing him in a stereotypic manner and displaying contrast effects in evaluating him. It is possible that she may not enjoy the education class if she has negative experiences working with Harvey, but this is not necessarily the most likely outcome.

Question 3

What does realistic conflict theory propose?

Accepted Answer

Realistic conflict theory proposes that intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued resources. This theory suggests that groups become hostile towards one another when they perceive that the other group is a threat to their own well-being or access to resources. This can lead to a cycle of conflict and escalation, as each group seeks to protect its own interests and resources.

Question 4

The results of the Robbers Cave experiment can be extrapolated to suggest that prejudice between groups can be increased under which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that prejudice can be increased when groups are placed in a competitive situation. This was evident as the two groups of boys quickly developed negative attitudes and behaviors towards one another when put into a competitive environment.

Question 5

Suppose that the students at rival universities interact only when their athletic teams compete against one another.According to Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment,what will the students be most likely to do?

Accepted Answer

Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment found that when groups compete against each other, they tend to develop negative attitudes towards each other, leading to hostile behavior. This is known as the "Robbers Cave" effect. Therefore, the students in this scenario are most likely to develop negative views of one another and behave in a hostile manner. Option A is unlikely because the students only interact during athletic events, making it difficult for them to develop cooperative behavior off the field. Options B and C are also unlikely because the experiment found that competition leads to negative attitudes, not positive ones.

Question 6

Suppose that the student groups at the school union must compete with each other for a limited supply of offices and money to support their projects.Over time,which of the following is most likely to happen?

Accepted Answer

When groups compete for limited resources, they often view each other as rivals or competitors, which can lead to negative perceptions among the groups. This is a common outcome in situations characterized by resource scarcity, as described by theories such as social identity theory and realistic conflict theory.

Question 7

The Jets and the Bears are two groups of local youths who regularly-and belligerently-compete against each other.According to the Robbers Cave experiment,which of the following would be the best way to heal the rift between these groups?

Accepted Answer

The Robbers Cave experiment showed that when two groups are in conflict, the best way to reduce hostility and build positive relationships is to have them work together on a common goal. This requires cooperative efforts and can help break down the barriers between the groups. Encouraging adult leaders to say positive things about the other group or having each group note the good qualities of the other group may be helpful, but they may not be as effective in creating genuine unity as working together towards a shared objective. Encouraging them to "air" their differences could potentially escalate tensions rather than reduce them.

Question 8

Pedro is not satisfied with his $10 million a year salary because he feels it is below what other major league pitchers earn.What concept does Pedro's dissatisfaction illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Pedro's dissatisfaction with his salary compared to other major league pitchers illustrates the concept of relative deprivation, which refers to the sense of deprivation that comes from making comparisons with others who have more or better resources. In this case, Pedro is comparing his salary to that of his peers and feeling like he is undeservedly earning less than them. Stereotype threat refers to the anxiety and self-doubt that can arise when a person faces negative stereotypes about their group, ingroup favouritism refers to the tendency to show favoritism towards one's own group, and confirmation bias refers to the tendency to seek out information that confirms one's existing beliefs or biases. None of these concepts apply to Pedro's situation.

Question 9

The cooks at Burger Barn dislike the counter workers because the cooks think the counter workers get better health-care options.What concept do the cooks' perceptions illustrate?

Accepted Answer

The cooks perceive that the counter workers have better health-care options, leading to a sense of relative deprivation. This concept refers to the perception of a group or individual that they are being treated unfairly compared to others, which can lead to negative emotions and behaviors.

Question 10

What did the Robbers Cave experiment demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that prejudice can result from intergroup competition. The experiment involved creating two groups of boys and creating a situation of competition between them, which ultimately led to negative attitudes and behaviors towards the other group. This demonstrated how group conflict can lead to prejudice and discrimination.

Question 11

Which of the following factors tends to reduce people's reliance on stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

Having rich background information about a target tends to reduce reliance on stereotypes as it allows for a more complex and nuanced understanding of the individual. This can counteract oversimplified and inaccurate assumptions based on group membership.

Question 12

Prejudice is not limited to individuals who feel directly threatened by outgroups.From which of the following perspectives is this fact is most difficult to explain?

Accepted Answer

Realistic conflict theory posits that prejudice arises from competition over scarce resources, implying that individuals who feel directly threatened by outgroups are more likely to exhibit prejudice. This makes it difficult for the theory to explain prejudice in those who do not feel directly threatened.

Question 13

Two children of different races have been assigned the same bunk house when they arrive at camp.Each child has prejudice toward the race of the other child.Dana is a camp counsellor who has been assigned the task of getting these two kids to like each other.Based on the results of the Robbers Cave experiment,which of the following strategies should Dana adopt?

Accepted Answer

The Robbers Cave experiment showed that cooperative activities towards a common goal reduce intergroup hostility and prejudice, making option C the most effective strategy according to the experiment's findings.

Question 14

A junior high coach decides to separate his basketball players into an A team and a B team.These two teams regularly play each other and compete for rewards such as time at the drinking fountain and use of the new basketballs.According to the Robbers Cave experiment,what is the most likely result of the coach's new arrangement?

Accepted Answer

The Robbers Cave experiment showed that when groups are separated and placed into competition with each other, it can lead to hostility and conflict between the groups. The A and B teams will see each other as opponents rather than teammates, which can lead to negative attitudes and behaviors.

Question 15

Which of the following best exemplifies realistic conflict theory?

Accepted Answer

Realistic conflict theory states that conflict arises from competition over scarce resources, such as land or territory. The conflict between Arabs and Israelis in the Middle East is a classic example of this theory in action. The two groups are in conflict over land ownership and control, which has led to decades of violence and unrest in the region.

Question 16

According to Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment,how can prejudice and intergroup hostility be reduced?

Accepted Answer

Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that cooperative work on superordinate goals was the most effective way to reduce prejudice and intergroup hostility between two groups. This involved both groups working towards a common goal that was important to both of them, thus breaking down the barriers between them and increasing positive attitudes towards each other. This approach has been shown to be effective in other real-world scenarios as well.

Question 17

Some people dislike immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away from them.Which theory best explains these feelings?

Accepted Answer

Realistic conflict theory proposes that prejudice and discrimination arise when there is competition over limited resources such as jobs or housing. Therefore, the fear of immigrants taking away jobs may lead to resentment and negative attitudes towards them.

Question 18

Which of the following has been most successful in correlating to the influence of a target's race on a person's behavioural reaction to that target?

Accepted Answer

The Implicit Attitude test has been widely used to measure implicit biases towards different races and has been shown to predict discriminatory behavior in various settings. The other options may also be used to study the influence of race on behavior, but are not as widely used or validated as the Implicit Attitude test.

Question 19

How does competition influence prejudice?

Accepted Answer

Prejudice can arise when the ingroup perceives a competitive threat, either to the group as a whole or to the individual within the group. This can lead to feelings of anxiety and insecurity, and a need to assert dominance over the perceived outgroup. However, research has also shown that competition can reduce prejudice when it is based on arbitrary or meaningless distinctions (such as assigning people to different t-shirt colors), because it creates a sense of interdependence and cooperation between groups. Therefore, option A is also partially correct, since imagined competition can reduce prejudice, but not as consistently as actual competition. Option B may be true in some cases, but it is not a universal explanation for prejudice. Option D is not supported by empirical evidence, as research has shown that competition can increase prejudice in both children and adults.

Question 20

Under which of the following circumstances are people are most likely to judge others on an individual basis?

Accepted Answer

When people have a lot of personal information on which to base their judgment, they are more likely to judge others on an individual basis as they have more specific information about the person's traits and behaviors. Option A is incorrect because if people are cognitively busy, they are more likely to rely on mental shortcuts and stereotypes to judge others rather than making a detailed individual analysis. Option C is incorrect because people high in need for closure tend to make quick judgments based on incomplete information, which is more similar to relying on stereotypes rather than individual analysis. Option D is incorrect because being under the influence of alcohol impairs judgment and decision-making abilities, making it less likely that people will engage in individual analysis.

Quiz 5: Stereotypes,prejudice,and Discrimination