Question 1

Kelly identified all of the following as sources of relevant information for making causal attributions EXCEPT which one?

Accepted Answer

Duration is not typically considered a source of relevant information for making causal attributions. The three key sources are distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency, which help in understanding whether a behavior is attributable to the person or the situation.

Question 2

Research suggests that when a behavior is high in consistency,distinctiveness,and consensus,it tends to elicit a(n)_____,whereas when a behavior is high in consistency but low in distinctiveness and consensus,it tends to elicit a(n)_____.

Accepted Answer

When a behavior is consistent across time, distinct in a specific context, and common among many people (high consensus), it is more likely to be attributed to the situation, leading to an external attribution. Conversely, when a behavior is consistent but not distinct to specific situations and not common among others (low distinctiveness and consensus), it is more likely to be attributed to the person's disposition, leading to an internal attribution. This is based on Kelley's covariation model of attribution.

Question 3

Research suggests that magical thinking and superstitious behavior are relatively more likely among:

Accepted Answer

People with a strong need for control experiencing a high-stress situation are more likely to engage in magical thinking and superstitious behavior as a way to gain a sense of control over their environment.

Question 4

According to Kelly's covariation theory,what three types of information do we use when we make causal attributions about other people's behavior?

Accepted Answer

According to Kelly's covariation theory, we use three types of information when we make causal attributions about other people's behavior: consistency (whether the behavior occurs in the same situation every time), distinctiveness (whether the behavior is unique to that situation or occurs in other situations), and consensus (whether other people display similar behavior in that situation). Thus, choice letter B is the best option as it includes the correct information.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a potential source of a person's initial causal hypothesis when they are trying to make an attribution?

Accepted Answer

Knowledge of a factor that is temporally and spatially distant from the event is not a potential source of a person's initial causal hypothesis. The other three options listed, interpretation the person would prefer to make, interpretation the person would fear the most, and a salient aspect of the event that is easily accessible from memory, are all potential sources of a person's initial causal hypothesis.

Question 6

Bob realizes that everyone in the neighborhood prefers to go to the Italian restaurant rather than the burger place.According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,the general opinion about the restaurants in town is:

Accepted Answer

Kelley's covariation model of attributions states that consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are the factors that determine how people attribute causes to behavior. Consensus refers to the extent to which others behave in the same way in a given situation. Since everyone in the neighborhood prefers the Italian restaurant, there is high consensus. Therefore, the correct answer is B) high in consensus.

Question 7

Everyone in the class laughed at the professor's joke.According to Kelly's covariation model of attributions,this is an example of a behavior:

Accepted Answer

Kelly's covariation model of attributions suggests that three factors must be present to make a judgment about the cause of someone's behavior: consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. Consensus refers to the extent to which other people behave the same way in a given situation. In this case, the fact that everyone in the class laughed at the professor's joke indicates a high level of consensus, as the behavior is widely shared among the group.

Question 8

According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,if we know that someone's opinion reflects a high consensus,it MOST CLEARLY tells us that their opinion is caused by:

Accepted Answer

According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions, high consensus indicates that the cause of someone's behavior is likely external. High consensus means that other people in the same situation would also behave in the same way, which suggests that the cause of the behavior is due to external factors in the situation, rather than internal factors related to the person themselves.

Question 9

According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,if we know that someone's opinion has low consistency,what does that MOST CLEARLY tell us about their opinion?

Accepted Answer

Low consistency in Kelley's covariation model indicates that the behavior (or opinion, in this case) is not stable across time or circumstances, suggesting that the cause of the opinion is unstable.

Question 10

People who suffer damage to the fusiform face area tend to suffer from:

Accepted Answer

Damage to the fusiform face area typically leads to prosopagnosia, a condition where individuals have difficulty recognizing faces. This may also extend to difficulty recognizing emotions conveyed by facial expressions. The ease of retrieval effect refers to the phenomenon where information that is easier to retrieve from memory is judged as more likely or more true, and is not related to damage to the fusiform face area. Theory of mind refers to the ability to understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others, and is not directly related to facial recognition abilities. Transference refers to a phenomenon in psychology related to the projection of feelings or attitudes from one person to another, and is not related to facial recognition abilities or damage to the fusiform face area.

Question 11

In the area of causal attribution research,magical thinking refers to:

Accepted Answer

Magical thinking refers to the belief that thoughts have the power to influence events. It is the tendency to attribute causality to an event based on coincidental factors, rather than understanding the true cause-and-effect relationship. It is often associated with superstition and irrational beliefs. The other options do not accurately describe magical thinking.

Question 12

Jessika is playing a dice game in Las Vegas.When her turn comes,she blows on the dice and rolls them as hard as she can,in hopes of rolling a high number.Jessika most clearly holds:

Accepted Answer

Jessika's belief that she can somehow influence the outcome of the dice roll through her actions (blowing on the dice) is an example of an illusion of control.

Question 13

Adrina is struggling with her classroom computer.She is asked if she has difficulty using other computers on campus.The answer to this question MOST directly provides information about:

Accepted Answer

The question is asking about whether Adrina has difficulty using other computers on campus, which relates to the distinctiveness of the situation. If Adrina only has difficulty with her classroom computer and not with other computers on campus, that suggests that the issue is unique to that particular computer and not a product of Adrina's character or abilities, nor is it a common issue that others are experiencing (consensus).

Question 14

The tendency for the importance of any potential cause of a person's behavior to be reduced in the presence of other potential causes is referred to as the:

Accepted Answer

The tendency referred to in the statement is known as the discounting principle, where the importance of a specific cause is discounted or reduced because other potential causes also exist.

Question 15

Navi has realized that whenever her friend Eli is around,she begins to feel angry.If Navi draws an inference based on the covariation principle,what will she conclude?

Accepted Answer

The covariation principle suggests that we make attributions by noting the pattern between the presence of possible causal factors and whether the effect occurs. Since Navi consistently feels angry when Eli is around, according to the covariation principle, she would likely conclude that Eli's presence causes her anger.

Question 16

Bob knows that Tina wanted a zombie-themed birthday party on her tenth,eleventh,and twelfth birthday parties.According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,Tina's opinion about zombie-themed birthdays is:

Accepted Answer

Tina's opinion about zombie-themed birthdays is high-consistency because she consistently expresses a desire for this theme for three years in a row. This suggests that her preference for zombie-themed birthdays is not likely due to situational factors but rather reflects her true preference.

Question 17

Blaming victims for the suffering they experience is an example of what phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Blaming victims for their suffering is a way for people to believe that the world is just, even if bad things happen to good people. This way of thinking allows people to feel a sense of control and safety, as they can believe that if they follow the "rules" of the world, they will not experience suffering. This is an example of the belief in a just world phenomenon.

Question 18

"What did she expect to happen? She was drinking and out late!" These comments best reflect:

Accepted Answer

These comments suggest a belief in the idea of "just world hypothesis," which is the concept that people want to believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve. In this case, the commenters may be implying that the person's negative experience (implied by the use of "what did she expect to happen?") was deserved because she was drinking and out late. This belief serves to make people feel more secure in their own lives, as it gives them the illusion that they have control over their circumstances.

Question 19

According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,if we know that someone's opinion has low distinctiveness,it MOST CLEARLY tells us that it is caused by:

Accepted Answer

According to Kelley's covariation model, when an individual consistently behaves in a certain way across different situations but other people do not behave similarly in those situations (low distinctiveness), the cause of the behavior is most likely due to internal factors.

Question 20

Linda knows that Kylie usually likes movies with Bradley Cooper.However,she hated this particular Bradley Cooper movie.According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,Linda's opinion about this Bradley Cooper movie is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Linda knows that Kylie usually likes movies...

Quiz 4: Thinking About People and Events

Kelly identified all of the following as sources of relevant information for making causal attributions EXCEPT which one?

Research suggests that when a behavior is high in consistency,distinctiveness,and consensus,it tends to elicit a(n) _,whereas when a behavior is high in consistency but low in distinctiveness and consensus,it tends to elicit a(n) _.

Research suggests that magical thinking and superstitious behavior are relatively more likely among:

According to Kelly's covariation theory,what three types of information do we use when we make causal attributions about other people's behavior?

Which of the following is NOT a potential source of a person's initial causal hypothesis when they are trying to make an attribution?

Bob realizes that everyone in the neighborhood prefers to go to the Italian restaurant rather than the burger place.According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,the general opinion about the restaurants in town is:

Everyone in the class laughed at the professor's joke.According to Kelly's covariation model of attributions,this is an example of a behavior:

According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,if we know that someone's opinion reflects a high consensus,it MOST CLEARLY tells us that their opinion is caused by:

According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,if we know that someone's opinion has low consistency,what does that MOST CLEARLY tell us about their opinion?

People who suffer damage to the fusiform face area tend to suffer from:

In the area of causal attribution research,magical thinking refers to:

Jessika is playing a dice game in Las Vegas.When her turn comes,she blows on the dice and rolls them as hard as she can,in hopes of rolling a high number.Jessika most clearly holds:

Adrina is struggling with her classroom computer.She is asked if she has difficulty using other computers on campus.The answer to this question MOST directly provides information about:

The tendency for the importance of any potential cause of a person's behavior to be reduced in the presence of other potential causes is referred to as the:

Navi has realized that whenever her friend Eli is around,she begins to feel angry.If Navi draws an inference based on the covariation principle,what will she conclude?

Bob knows that Tina wanted a zombie-themed birthday party on her tenth,eleventh,and twelfth birthday parties.According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,Tina's opinion about zombie-themed birthdays is:

Blaming victims for the suffering they experience is an example of what phenomenon?

"What did she expect to happen? She was drinking and out late!" These comments best reflect:

According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,if we know that someone's opinion has low distinctiveness,it MOST CLEARLY tells us that it is caused by:

Linda knows that Kylie usually likes movies with Bradley Cooper.However,she hated this particular Bradley Cooper movie.According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,Linda's opinion about this Bradley Cooper movie is:

Quiz 4: Thinking About People and Events

Kelly identified all of the following as sources of relevant information for making causal attributions EXCEPT which one?

Research suggests that when a behavior is high in consistency,distinctiveness,and consensus,it tends to elicit a(n) _____,whereas when a behavior is high in consistency but low in distinctiveness and consensus,it tends to elicit a(n) _____.

Research suggests that magical thinking and superstitious behavior are relatively more likely among:

According to Kelly's covariation theory,what three types of information do we use when we make causal attributions about other people's behavior?

Which of the following is NOT a potential source of a person's initial causal hypothesis when they are trying to make an attribution?

Bob realizes that everyone in the neighborhood prefers to go to the Italian restaurant rather than the burger place.According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,the general opinion about the restaurants in town is:

Everyone in the class laughed at the professor's joke.According to Kelly's covariation model of attributions,this is an example of a behavior:

According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,if we know that someone's opinion reflects a high consensus,it MOST CLEARLY tells us that their opinion is caused by:

According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,if we know that someone's opinion has low consistency,what does that MOST CLEARLY tell us about their opinion?

People who suffer damage to the fusiform face area tend to suffer from:

In the area of causal attribution research,magical thinking refers to:

Jessika is playing a dice game in Las Vegas.When her turn comes,she blows on the dice and rolls them as hard as she can,in hopes of rolling a high number.Jessika most clearly holds:

Adrina is struggling with her classroom computer.She is asked if she has difficulty using other computers on campus.The answer to this question MOST directly provides information about:

The tendency for the importance of any potential cause of a person's behavior to be reduced in the presence of other potential causes is referred to as the:

Navi has realized that whenever her friend Eli is around,she begins to feel angry.If Navi draws an inference based on the covariation principle,what will she conclude?

Bob knows that Tina wanted a zombie-themed birthday party on her tenth,eleventh,and twelfth birthday parties.According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,Tina's opinion about zombie-themed birthdays is:

Blaming victims for the suffering they experience is an example of what phenomenon?

"What did she expect to happen? She was drinking and out late!" These comments best reflect:

According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,if we know that someone's opinion has low distinctiveness,it MOST CLEARLY tells us that it is caused by:

Linda knows that Kylie usually likes movies with Bradley Cooper.However,she hated this particular Bradley Cooper movie.According to Kelley's covariation model of attributions,Linda's opinion about this Bradley Cooper movie is:

Research suggests that when a behavior is high in consistency,distinctiveness,and consensus,it tends to elicit a(n) _,whereas when a behavior is high in consistency but low in distinctiveness and consensus,it tends to elicit a(n) _.