Question 1

The part of the brain that is the most involved in primary appraisal is the:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The part of the brain that is...

Question 2

According to research on the cognitive impacts of mood,people who have been put into a generally bad mood tend to do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

People in a bad mood are more likely to pay careful, critical attention to information about themselves and their environments. This is because a negative mood can trigger more attentive, cautious processing of information, leading individuals to scrutinize details more closely than they would in a positive or neutral mood.

Question 3

A _____ sets the stage for more specific affective reactions.

Accepted Answer

Background emotions set the stage for more specific affective reactions by providing a general emotional backdrop or mood that influences how we experience and react to events.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a secondary emotion?

Accepted Answer

Secondary emotions are emotional reactions we have to other emotions, and they are more complex. Anger can be a primary emotion because it is a direct emotional response to a situation. In contrast, emotions like anxiety, delight, and misery are considered secondary because they often result from a mix of primary emotions and our thoughts about a situation.

Question 5

Anais notices a strange object moving in the corner of her room and immediately experiences unease and an increased heart rate.She then remembers that she left her toy robot with the battery running in the corner of the room,and she realizes that must be the object.She begins to experience the emotion of relief.According to Lazarus's theory of emotions,how should we classify Anais's memory of her toy robot?

Accepted Answer

According to Lazarus's theory of emotions, primary appraisal involves the evaluation of whether an event is irrelevant, benign-positive or stressful. In this case, Anais evaluated the strange object in her room as potentially stressful, indicating a primary appraisal. However, when she recognized the object as her toy robot and experienced relief, this represents a secondary appraisal, as she evaluated the situation as no longer stressful. Therefore, the best classification for Anais's memory of her toy robot is a secondary appraisal.

Question 6

When people experience a social emotion,all of the following apply EXCEPT which statement?

Accepted Answer

Experiencing a social emotion such as guilt, shame, or embarrassment can lead individuals to pay closer attention to inappropriate behavior, try to maintain appropriate behavior, and try to repair disrupted relationships. However, there is no evidence to suggest that experiencing a social emotion causes individuals to avoid particular objects in their environment.

Question 7

A researcher is interested in determining whether there is a social function to sadness.Which of the following study designs might BEST determine if this is the case?

Accepted Answer

The best study design to determine if sadness has a social function would involve observing participants' facial expressions in response to sad news in social situations versus alone. This would provide insight into whether sadness is influenced by social context and whether it serves a social function. The other study designs listed do not directly address the social function of sadness.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a piece of evidence supporting the universality of basic emotions?

Accepted Answer

The fact that people in collectivist cultures tend to experience higher levels of guilt is not evidence supporting the universality of basic emotions. The universality of basic emotions refers to the idea that people across cultures experience and express emotions such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust in similar ways. The other answer choices all provide evidence supporting this idea.

Question 9

Tonio tells his friend that he is in a "really good mood today." Tonio's statement describes his _____ emotions.

Accepted Answer

Background emotions are those that are not intensely felt and do not have a specific cause, fitting the description of being in a "really good mood today" without a specified intense emotion or reason.

Question 10

All of the following are true about the hierarchy of goals EXCEPT which statement?

Accepted Answer

This statement is incorrect as goals can serve multiple purposes and have multiple levels within the hierarchy.

Question 11

The idea that specific emotional experiences are shaped by a two-step process-initial general arousal and general perception of harm or benefit,followed by the influence of higher-order cognitive processes-is called:

Accepted Answer

The description matches cognitive appraisal theory, which states that emotions are shaped by two processes- an initial general arousal and a general perception of harm or benefit, followed by the influence of higher-order cognitive processes. Option A is incorrect because it refers to a different theory that distinguishes between the process of identifying an action and the process of interpreting its meaning. Option B refers specifically to the second stage of the cognitive appraisal process, and Option D is not a recognized theory in psychology.

Question 12

Contemporary emotion researchers distinguish between which kinds of emotions?

Accepted Answer

Contemporary emotion researchers distinguish between background emotions (e.g., anxiety, depression), primary emotions (e.g., joy, anger, fear) that are common to all cultures and emerge early in life, and secondary emotions (e.g., jealousy, guilt) that are more complex and dependent on one's environment and personal experiences.

Question 13

Which of the following emotions is NOT a social emotion?

Accepted Answer

Surprise is not necessarily a social emotion as it can be experienced in solitary situations. Whereas, sympathy, guilt, and pride are all social emotions that involve considering the thoughts and feelings of others or one's own actions in a social context.

Question 14

A set of beliefs,attitudes,values,norms,morals,customs,roles,statuses,symbols,and rituals shared by members of a group who see themselves as a group is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

The definition given in the statement directly refers to culture. Social identity refers to an individual's self-concept based on their membership in a social group, while group perspective refers to the collective views or opinions of a particular group. Reality is the state of things as they actually exist.

Question 15

Javier is excellent at being able to recognize his own emotions.He is very good at realizing whether he is sad or depressed.Javier is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Javier's ability to recognize his own emotions indicates that he has a high level of emotion differentiation, which is the ability to distinguish and label different emotions. This is different from primary and secondary appraisal, which refer to the evaluation of a situation as stressful or not and the evaluation of coping resources, respectively. Domain-general adaptations refer to adaptations that can be applied across different domains, such as cognitive abilities or physical traits.

Question 16

All of the following are psychological dimensions of the individual EXCEPT which one?

Accepted Answer

The collective is not a psychological dimension of the individual; it refers to a group or society as a whole.

Question 17

According to cognitive appraisal theory,emotions consist of a primary appraisal that involves _____ and a secondary appraisal that involves _____.

Accepted Answer

According to cognitive appraisal theory, emotions consist of a primary appraisal which involves physiological arousal and the experiential system, and a secondary appraisal which involves high-level cognition and the rational system. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Question 18

According to research on cognition and mood,people who are in a good mood generally tend to do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

People who are in a good mood tend to make more positive judgments about others. This is known as the "halo effect," in which an individual's good mood influences how positively they view other people and events.

Question 19

What is the general consensus in the area of research on emotions?

Accepted Answer

The majority of research suggests that cognition and emotion influence each other in a bidirectional manner, which means that thoughts can influence emotions and emotions can influence thoughts. It is now widely accepted that people tend to appraise events in the environment based on their emotional states and that these appraisals can powerfully shape emotions, leading to the emotion regulation process. Similarly, individuals' emotions can also influence their cognitive processes, such as attention, memory, and reasoning. Therefore, the best choice is D, which suggests that cognition and emotion work interactively.

Question 20

Research suggests that positive emotions are associated with _____ motivation,while negative emotions are associated with _____ motivation.

Accepted Answer

Approach motivation refers to the desire to move forward and achieve a goal, while avoidance motivation refers to the desire to avoid negative outcomes. Positive emotions are associated with approach motivation because they promote feelings of seeking rewards and opportunities for growth. Negative emotions, on the other hand, are associated with avoidance motivation because they promote feelings of fear and the desire to avoid negative outcomes. Therefore, the best choice is C (approach; avoidance).

Quiz 2: Fundamentals of Social Behavior