Question 1

Systemic distribution of cancer cells to other sites of the body through the bloodstream or lymph is a process known as _____.

Accepted Answer

The systemic distribution of cancer cells to other sites of the body through the bloodstream or lymph is known as metastasis. Apoptosis refers to programmed cell death, neoplasia is the abnormal growth of cells, angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels, and malignant transformation refers to the process by which a normal cell becomes cancerous.

Question 2

DNA viruses associated with cancer development include _____.(Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

The answer of DNA viruses associated with cancer development include...

Question 3

An example of a physical agent that increases an individual's predisposition to developing cancer is_____.(Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, and exposure to radioactive sources are physical agents that can increase the risk of cancer by causing DNA damage.

Question 4

_____ describes the condition in which a cell becomes able to cause cancer.

Accepted Answer

Malignant transformation describes the process by which a normal cell undergoes genetic changes that allow it to become cancerous. These changes may include mutations in oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, or DNA repair genes, among others. Once transformed, the cell can begin to divide uncontrollably, evade the immune system, and invade surrounding tissues, leading to the development of cancer.

Question 5

Chemical and physical agents that increase mutation rates by damaging DNA and increase the likelihood of developing cancer are known as _____.

Accepted Answer

Carcinogens are agents that increase mutation rates by damaging DNA and increase the likelihood of developing cancer. Oncogens and tumor-associated agents are not directly related to DNA damage and mutation. Malignant transformers and antitumor suppressor agents are not recognized scientific terms.

Question 6

A benign tumor of glandular tissue is known as a(n)_____.

Accepted Answer

A benign tumor of glandular tissue is called an adenoma. Sarcoma is a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue, myeloma is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells in bone marrow, adenocarcinoma is a malignant tumor that arises from glandular tissue, and lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system.

Question 7

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)is associated with the development of _____ in immunocompromised patients.

Accepted Answer

HHV8 is strongly associated with the development of Kaposi's sarcoma, particularly in immunocompromised patients such as those infected with HIV or undergoing organ transplantation.

Question 8

Explain how the immune mechanisms for the detection of cancer cells are (A)similar to and (B)different from those that detect virus-infected cells.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how the immune mechanisms for the...

Question 9

Epithelial tumors express MIC proteins on their cell surfaces.
A.Why does this make the tumor cells susceptible to attack by NK cells,γ:δ T cells,and cytotoxic CD8 T cells?
B.How do the tumor cells evade such attack?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Epithelial tumors express MIC proteins on their...

Question 10

Which of the following pairs are matched correctly? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Myeloma is a type of cancer that originates in the bone marrow, which is the flexible tissue in the interior of bones. B) Benign tumors are often encapsulated, meaning they are contained within a protective sac that differentiates them from surrounding tissues, making them easier to remove and less likely to spread.

Question 11

Li-Fraumeni syndrome is linked to a greater risk of cancer as a result of the inheritance of a germline mutation in one copy of _____.

Accepted Answer

Li-Fraumeni syndrome is caused by the inheritance of a germline mutation in one copy of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, which is responsible for regulating cell growth and division. Mutations in p53 lead to an increased risk of developing various types of cancer, including breast cancer, bone cancer, and brain tumors.

Question 12

When the immune system is involved in _____,an appraisal for cancer cells is occurring.

Accepted Answer

Immunosurveillance is the immune system's ability to recognize and eliminate abnormal cells, including cancer cells. Therefore, when the immune system is involved in anticancer activity, such as identifying and destroying cancer cells, immunosurveillance is taking place. Malignant transformation (A) refers to the process of normal cells becoming cancerous, apoptosis (B) is programmed cell death, antineoplasia (C) is the use of medication to prevent or treat cancer, and immunosuppression (E) refers to the inhibition or suppression of the immune system's activity.

Question 13

A malignant tumor is characterized by which of the following features? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A malignant tumor is not encapsulated, it is not localized, and it is not restricted in size. A malignant tumor has the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites, which is why option D is correct. Additionally, malignant tumors result from multiple mutations affecting cell division or survival, so option E is also correct.

Question 14

A.How is it possible for a tumor-specific antigen to be composed of a unique sequence of amino acids not encoded in the genome of the tumor cell?
B.Give a specific example.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A.How is it possible for a tumor-specific...

Question 15

Burkitt's lymphoma is a tumor associated with _____ infection,which causes _____ to divide uncontrollably.

Accepted Answer

Burkitt's lymphoma is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV is a member of the herpes family of viruses and is able to infect B cells, causing them to divide uncontrollably and form the tumors seen in Burkitt's lymphoma.

Question 16

Provide examples where tumor cells transferred between a donor and a recipient are either (A)rejected and do not cause cancer,or (B)not rejected and cause cancer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Provide examples where tumor cells transferred between...

Question 17

A protein expressed in response to damage to DNA that results in death to the cell is _____.

Accepted Answer

The protein that is expressed in response to damage to DNA that results in death to the cell is p53.

Question 18

A mechanism by which cancer cells can evade an immune response involves an alteration in the amount of MIC on the cell surface by

Accepted Answer

The answer of A mechanism by which cancer cells can...

Question 19

The efficacy of treating bladder cancer is increased by introducing the BCG vaccine.The vaccine component attributing this antitumor effect is _____,which induces a state of chronic inflammation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The efficacy of treating bladder cancer is...

Question 20

A tumor-associated antigen normally expressed only in the testis is called a _____ antigen.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A tumor-associated antigen normally expressed only in...

Quiz 17: Cancer and Its Interactions With the Immune System